It was Harappan civilization where a special emphasis was given to the public health and its unparallel management. After the Harappans, we hardly get any such sanitary management in the well known cultures of India till we come to about seventh-sixth centuries BCE viz the era of the Northern Black Polished Ware culture. The present paper will deal with the various sanitary devices and their possible significance in the particular period of Indian Archaeology.

Of all the religious practices and beliefs concerned with women in Indian culture, women granted supreme importance. In this tradition female is raised above the male as Durga described as Shakti, the energy of the cosmos. Without her we are told in one of the texts that the world is lifeless and even, the great Shiva is merely a corpse. An analysis of the legends, doctrines and abstract philosophies indicates the first, the Goddess is portrayed as power, and the female Shakti element is identified as the essence of reality, the male element playing a subservient role. Second she is identified with Prakriti, the primeval matter. As such she is identified with existence or that which underlines all existent things. Thirdly, she is described as giving food to all nourish all life and to cause decay. Fourthly, the Goddess incarnates in herself all the brilliance and power that the Gods collectively possess and her pervasive magic gives them sufficient power to be able to battle with all evil. It is an exuberant celebration of the various forms of women and their role in making and constructing society. As a Nation, we progressed when the Indian woman was accorded her rightful place in society. It is my belief that India will progress much faster if a greater number of women are educated, financially independent and realize that equality does not mean that you listen to yourself only. Let us resolve to allow her to blossom, flower and show her inner beauty

The schools in rural India have very distinct needs as compared to those in urban areas. But, hardly any difference exists between the teacher education of urban teachers and rural teachers. The condition gets more serious when we talk of professional development of rural teachers specifically in educationally backward state Bihar. The cadre of Panchayat teachers in Bihar has been increasing in number for almost every year. Many of them are professionally unqualified in the state and are in the process of getting professional qualification through some specific In-service education programmes. Therefore, In-service teacher education has the significant decisive role for the future of rural education in Bihar. This paper is informed by a research study undertaken by the researcher to explore the perceptions and experiences of Panchayat teachers about their In-service education. The findings show that the Panchayat teachers have a mixed response towards their In-service education programmes. Along with their firm belief about the benefits of the In-service programmes, they also have various critical issues to tell. The paper concludes with placing a conceptual framework of teacher education for rural teachers.

Water is considered as the Elixir of life. Every living thing needs water to survive. Earth the water planet is richly endowed with water, about 2/3 of the total area of the Earth’s surface is covered with water, but all water on the planet is not usable for man as most of it is saline. Fresh water is limited, but enough to sustain man. The fresh water what is available is under great demand due to misuse of the fresh water and mainly due to pollution the water becomes useless and some time poisonous. This paper tries to evaluate the causes of water pollution and its consequences.

In ancient times India had trade relations with foreign countries. This relationship was intact even in the medieval period. Foreign goods were now at par in Indian markets. Indian goods also used to go abroad. But the volume of export trade was more than import trade. Indian monopoly over internal and foreign trade was established. Indian businessmen were world famous. He used to give business loans like a bank. But this situation remained intact until the joint trading company, in which the Dutch, Portuguese and English were involved. After this foreign company obtained concessions by influencing the rulers of that time, they established a monopoly on the commercial sector. Indians were exterminated from this area. By expanding this trade monopoly, the great East India Company established its power over India. India became a slave of the British. It is to this effect that this provision is made.