Abstract: The railways serve as an important means of communication. It was introduced in India around the midnineteenth century. The primary purpose for the British to set up railways in India was to serve their own needspolitical, administrative, military and economic. An exhaustive “Minute” scripted by Lord Dalhousie, the Governor General of East India Company (1848-1856), popularly known as the Father of Indian Railways, on 20 April, 1853, made a detailed commentary on the colonial interests in railways. This paper attempts to analyze the colonial outlook of the British towards the building of the railway, taking the comprehensive Minute by Dalhousie as an illustration. The paper presents a detailed discussion of its contents with a view to highlight the imperialist designs for the building of the railways. Also it unfolds the colonial character of the railway (a technological method) that made India an economic appendage of England and another effective “colonial adjunct of the British metropolis.” Keywords: Railways, Dalhousie, Minute, Colonial character, Imperialistic Designs

We have seen that education doesn’t have to stop just because schools are closed, and that traditional teaching approaches are not always conducive to nurturing well-rounded, independent thinkers. We are also living in a digital age with a generation of students who have grown up confident using technology and consuming content through digital devices. Through harnessing ICT tools, we can explore new ways of teaching and engaging with children who might have been ‘closed-off’ to traditional teaching methods. One such method which has become increasingly popular during the pandemic is flipped classroom learning.

Abstract: This research article highlights on community needs assessment used in higher education. Community is defined as a geographic area; however, it can also be based on shared interests or characteristics such as religion, race, age, or occupation. Community requires assessment identifies the strengths and resources available in the community to meet the needs of children, youth, and families. The assessment focuses on the capabilities of the community, including its citizens, agencies, and organizations. It provides a framework for developing and identifying services and solutions for organizing educational programs and activities and building communities to support and nurture children and families. A community assessment may be limited to a compilation of demographic data from census records, results of surveys conducted by others, and informal feedback from community partners. Or, assessments may be expanded to include focus group discussions, town meetings, and interviews with stakeholders, and telephone or mailed surveys to partnership members and the community. Therefore, the community needs assessment method is very important while implementing any educational programs and activities within the community. Keywords: Community, Assessment, Needs, Educational, Types and Tools.

Augmented Reality is presently used in various arenas ranging from education to enterprise to entertainment. In the learning of Social Sciences, Augmented Reality plays a vital role by helping students perceive abstract information. Visual representation of information in a three dimensional form helps to comprehend information easily, thus helping to build concepts which are the cornerstone for any learning. This paper reviews some Augmented Reality Apps that can be used in teaching Social Sciences. The author has used few of these and also encouraged B.Ed students to use the same in their lessons. The insights garnered from this endeavor are also described in this paper. Keywords: Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, Teaching Learning process, innovations in Social Science pedagogy

“If we teach today’s students as we taught yesterday’s, we rob them of tomorrow.” These words by John Dewey stress upon the need for continuous evolution of the content and tools used in the teaching learning process. Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) is a term that refers to the application of technology to improve the teaching and learning experience. Although it can be used to describe both analog and digital technologies, of late, TEL is used more often to describe the use of digital technology in the form of different types of educational software. The growing need to maximize access to higher education and situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic have underlined the critical need for TEL and also provided a thrust to its widespread adoption. The increase in prevalence of education applications, software for teachers, and e-learning services point towards the fact that technology is not just an additional resource but a critical tool for improving the process and outcomes of teaching and learning. Further, the digital format of TEL offers the scope for sustaining and improving the teaching learning process based on the evolving educational needs.