The 21st century is well known for the use of technology in all the fields like business, engineering, medical, transportation and education. Present research study aimed to compare the effectiveness of teaching through lecture method and smart class method on the Achievement in Social Studies of 8th Standard Students. For this study experimental research method was used to study the effectiveness of smart class teaching. Results of this study clearly indicate that there is a significant difference in the achievement of students in post-test of controlled group and experimental group of subject social Studies.

Job satisfaction is positive feelings or attitudes that individuals have towards their jobs. It is worker's sense of achievement and success and directly linked with productivity as well as with personal wellbeing. Job satisfaction implies doing a job one enjoys, doing it well, and being suitably rewarded for one's efforts. It is often said that “A HAPPY EMPLOYEE IS A PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYEE”. Job satisfaction can be influenced by a variety of factors, e.g., the quality of one's relationship with their supervisor, the quality of the physical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc. This paper investigates the level of job satisfaction on the basis of various factors like salary of employees, performance appraisal system, promotional strategies, employee’s relationship with management and other co- employees, training and development program, work burden and working hours etc. among bank employees of State Bank of India and HDFC Bank in Chandigarh city. In this paper an attempt is made to study the relationship between personal factors of employees and also suggest strategies for better job satisfaction of bank employees on the basis of research findings. The sample consisted of 100 subjects(50 each from State Bank of India and HDFC Bank in Chandigarh city) who were randomly selected and interviewed. Then the data was analyzed with Microsoft excel 2010. The study reveals that increase in level of above said factors improves the overall satisfaction of employees of both the banks.

Mutations are sudden heritable changes seen in organisms. Evolution is brought about through mutations. In the present experiment induction of auxptrophic mutants in E.coli have been brought about using two mutagens, viz., N-methyl –N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and 5-Bromouracil.The number of colonies obtained using Nitrosoguanine (NG) were 35(average) and Bromouracil(BU) were 30(average). The results validate the methodology adopted and prove that the mutagens were effective.

According to oral tradition among Tamil Christians also backed up by Christian missionary organizations, the earliest Tamil converts to Christianity can be traced to the 1st century when the apostle Saint Thomas visited South India. St .Thomas established a settlement of Christians baptized by him at Mylapore [the Portuguese meliapore] in modern Chennai which led to the place being known as Santhome. St .Thomas mount in Chennai, the place where St.Thomas, one of the disciples of Jesus Christ, was believed to have been martyred is an important pilgrimage site for Indian Christians. Although Christianity came to Tamil Nadu from the time of Saint Thomas the Apostle, the revival of Christianity dates back to Francis Xavier. Because of the perseverance and hard work of the missionaries, many Tamilians have become Christians, who are the second largest in number after the Christians in Kerala.1

In South India the merchant communities had been organized into corporate bodies or guilds form AD. 10th century onwards. The active functioning of trade and merchant guilds was an important feature of South Indian Economy in the ancient and medieval times. The merchant guilds were formed with the primary objective of carrying on trade, commerce, banking etc. They were not merely interested in amassing wealth and protecting the interest of the merchants but also in the general upliftment of the people. This paper mainly focuses on the functions of the merchant guilds of South India spread over Karnataka, Andhra and Tamilnadu. In Karnataka we get fairly good picture about the activities in the Chalukyas of Badami- Kalyan, Rastrakutas, Hoyasalas and Vijayanagar periods.

Science education at all levels needs to be strengthened at its weakest points which are innumerable. The reason is that we lack a frame of reference for teaching science. In its absence, we need teachers in large numbers who can experiment with student goals; better adaptation of teaching – learning to individual needs; encouragement to students towards acceptance of responsibility for learning; increased opportunity for co-operative work by students for their improvement; more emphasis on question-answering & problem solving; greater satisfaction of learning by the students, a sense of self attainment by the students as active partners in the game; and increased possibilities for experiencing the joys of teaching & learning. The quality & quantity of learning at schools will go up if the mentioned deficient situation is set right. Teaching will then cease to be confused with ‘telling’ which is appreciated by the parents & the administrators. This is a real danger to guard against because our present day schools must serve as a “mighty instrument of discipline & progress”. A hindrance to this progress is our faith in status consciousness & hierarchy. The contribution of the individual to the national development is lost as such. Moreover, self sensitivity to professional concerns & enthusiasm are no longer the concerns of bye-laws & rules. This is a complex problem facing our educational system & it is not the objective of this paper to tackle

Environmental issues like global warming, air pollution, biodiversity are interlinked with fundamental human rights today. In some parts of the world, people’s basic rights are already being diminished because of food and water scarcities, home and job loss, and intensifying diseases, all of which affect the peace and security of individuals and their communities (Schuchard and Weston 2009). To illustrate in even more concrete terms, Oxfam International (www.oxfam.org) states that today’s insufficient rains and disappearing glaciers already affect millions of lives around the world. As water supplies decrease, successful food production declines, thus resulting in hunger. These are just a few issues that illustrate why global climate change represents one theme of potential interest to language learners. Local environmental issues too appeal to the second language learners to a great extent. The increasing pollution and related maladies too provide appropriate issues for activities in the second language class. With the number of challenges that our planet faces today, raising students’ environmental awareness and teaching them about grassroots movements for conservation of environment that they could engage in have emerged as a necessary component of education. Since language forms the vehicle of every human thought and expression, the language education naturally could not be left out.

Today’s organization is no longer like traditional organization with hierarchical silos and bounded authority and responsibility. With the trend of “Leading by Example” expects that its workforce the intellectual capital should be innovative and creative enough along with possessing excellent inter-personal and communication skills by way of which they can perform extraordinarily better and can create competitive advantage. Every organization aims at developing the employees by exposing them with training and development opportunities to make them more confident, skilled thus elevating their involvement, satisfaction and contribution to organization. Thus by way of this the top management in return expects that its talented employees could be converted into effective leaders through consistent investment in training, development and coaching them to understand their roles, realize their capabilities and potential and guiding them how the present and hidden potential and capabilities can be nurtured, developed and thus could be utilized to achieve organization goals and make them more responsible, committed and loyal towards organization. By way of providing such leadership coaching more dependable, stabilized, contributing and effective talented workforce could be build up.

Career decisions are among the most important decisions a person has to make. Career choices have important and long-lasting consequences for the individual’s overall well-being, health and financial situation. But career decision-making encompasses a large number of influences that are related to making choices about education, training, jobs and careers. The present study is an endeavour to assess the career decision making among the girl students belonging to schedule caste, backward class and general category of educationally backward blocks of Bathinda district in Punjab. The results highlighted that majority of the girl students of 10th class have no idea about career decision making. The major reasons of career indecision making are lack of guidance at home and school; parent’s illiteracy; teachers insensitivity towards guidance; poverty; social pressures; no self assessment experience for students in school; no exposure to various new professions; and need of expert guidance

This study is an attempt to find out the relationship of autonomy and self reliance with the two prominent dimensions ( decision making and capacity building) of empowerment of adolescent girls studying in government and non-government senior secondary schools. A sample of 150 girls studying at senior secondary schools aged 16 to 18 years were selected randomly from rural and urban areas of Rohtak dist., Haryana state. ‘Adolescent girls empowerment scale’ developed by Dr. Devendra Singh Sisodia and Dr. AlpanaSingh was used as measuring instruments. The data was analysed by using t-ratio. The findings of the study were that the autonomy and selfreliance is positively correlated with decision making and capacity building.

In organizations, it is important to determine both current and future organizational requirements for both core employees and the contingent workforce in terms of their skills/technical abilities, competencies, flexibility etc. The analysis requires consideration of the internal and external factors that can have an effect on the resourcing, development, motivation and retention of employees and other workers. External factors are those largely out-with the control of the organization. These include issues such as economic climate and current and future labor market trends (e.g., skills, education level, government investment into industries etc.). On the other hand, internal influences are broadly controlled by the organization to predict, determine, and monitor—for example—the organizational culture, underpinned by management style, environmental climate, and the approach to ethical and corporate social responsibilities.

Education is a life-long process. In education there are many techniques to assess the student. Portfolio is one assessment technique to assess the student. This paper includes meaning of portfolio, meaning of portfolioassessment, types of portfolio, and advantages of portfolio assessment, disadvantages of portfolio assessment and Stages in the development of portfolio.

After the independence of India in the year 1954 the government started the rural development program but the real participation of women started in 1974.  Emphasis is placed on the need for poverty alleviation and development programs to demonstrate the viability and integrity of women.  In 1995, the Human Development Report reported that the rate of women's labor participation is higher in rural areas, with women contributing one-third of the Indian workforce, while 90 percent of women in rural areas work in urban areas, and 10 percent of women work in the unorganized sector.  .  In rural areas, women are engaged in many forms of self-employment which is initially indirect.  A new role for women in the economic development of the country in addition to domestic responsibilities in large scale industries manufacturing in factories, gardens, government offices etc. and unorganized sector in papad, carpet, int, coin, tailoring, beedi manufacturing.

The Canadian writer Mordecai Richler’s The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, the novel that established and popularized him as a significant novelist, explains the Jewish ghetto of Montreal. It depicts the struggles of David (Duddy) Kravitz, a fifteen year old young Jewish boy from the working class, who became rich. He, however, reaches the target by various relations

Aravind Adiga’s debut novel The White Tiger displays the strong reaction of marginality against the wickedest superiority in the Indian society. The novel, which presents the two opposites ends of social classes, articulates the success of the protagonist, Balram Halwai. The superior class relishes nearly every amenity and the marginal class that actually strives for creation is thrown away. Balram, who served as chauffeur for The Stork family, murders one of brothers that is Ashok and steals away the money. India faces many problems like drinking water, regular electricity, sewage system, public transportation, hygiene. The eradication of all such troubles, he knows, is possible, if the marginal class awakens to their own rights. Adiga through his novel create two Indias in one: “an India of Light and an India of Darkness”. (14) Balram’s real education begins outside the class as he earns his bread serving in tea shop. His observation of variety of people teaches him many lessons of life. His action of killing his master is the awakening of poor people against injustices. Through Balram who represents India of Darkness, the marginal community retorts.

This paper presents a case study of enhancing user connect by applying best practices in the Mahatma Phule A.S.C.College , Central Library. Central Library is the place of support for the entire range of academic activities on the college campus. In today’s ICT environment, library support has made available by applying various best practices to fulfill the needs of the users in vast range. Computerization of the college library is completed in preplanned systematic way, process and systems. The library services has been expanded by making available more services stations to students and faculty with open access for PG students and faculty. As various levels of students are coming in reading room, token system is applied to enhancing reading habits in the student community. The College, Central library has achieved best success and attraction to students community by these best practices. The aim of this study is to present the best services made available to users by the College, Central library.