Hinduism is a complex religion and unlike many western religions. It is also a way of life. In Hinduism women play an important role in the tradition. Women are revealed in the sacred scriptures as presenting a duality of being benevolent and malevolent, exposing her with great contrasting powers. In times of prosperity she indeed is Lakshmi, who bestows prosperity in the homes of men, and in times of misfortune, she herself becomes the goddess of misfortune and brings about ruins.1 Because of these changing powers that a women possesses, it is rational that man should want to control this mysterious power. The females nature are like the soil where the male plants his seeds to grow into conjoined images.2And therefore the male controls the female, that nature is controlled by culture. Culture or society controls nature as it is motivated to change and evolve just as the man tries to control the women.

Banks today operate in a highly globalised, liberalized, privatized and a competitive environment. In order to survive in this environment banks have to use IT. It is increasingly playing a significant role in improving the services in the banking industry. Indian banking industry has witnessed a tremendous developments due to sweeping changes that are taking place in the information technology. Electronic banking has emerged from such an innovative development. Hence, the present study is undertaken by the researcher to analyse the customers’ perception towards the ebanking services in Mayiladuthurai town. The present research explore the customers’ perception regarding the reasons for adoption of e-banking services, benefits availed through e-banking and problems faced while using e-banking services.

The Constitution of India has assured the full protection to Rights of Disabled Person. The concept of social justices and equality of status and opportunity to all the people of India are enshrined in the preamble of Indian constitution. Constitution of India Part III, article 14 and article 16 ensure the equality of opportunity to all person of Union of India. Part IV Directive Principles of State Policy of constitution of India, article 38 within requires the State to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order in which social, economic and political justice can inform to all individuals.

The present paper is an attempt to highlight Baba Saheb Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's view on women problems in pre and post-independent India and its impacts on future generations. It is the outcome of the extensive analysis of his work on women empowerment extracted from speeches delivered by him in parliament and proceedings of various conferences in pre and post-independent India. Dr. Ambedkar was among the pioneers Indians who broke down the barriers coming in the way of advancement of women in India. He launched journals Mook Nayak in 1920 and Bahiskrit Bharat in 1927 and through these, he put due stress on the gender equality, dire need of educating women and exposed the social, traditional and cultural problems faced by the women in India. He strongly advocated for the measures of family planning for the betterment of state of women in Bombay Legislative Assembly. He created awareness among poor and illiterate women and inspired them to fight against oppression by higher castes and other unjust and social practices like devdasi system and child marriages. He framed many laws for Women in India viz, (i) Dearness Allowance, (ii) Employees' State Insurance, (iii) Provident fund Act (iv) Women Labour welfare fund, (v) Divorce Act, (vi) Right over parental Property, (vii) Women Labour Protection Act, (viii) Maternity benefit for women Labour bill, (ix) Leave Benefit to Piece Workers, (x) Revision of scale of pay for employees, (xi) Restoration of ban on women working underground in mines, (xii) No marriage before age of 18 years, (xiii) Maintenance allowance from husband on getting legal separation, (xiv) Widow can adopt a child, (xv) Equal pay for equal work irrespective of the sex and (xvi) Mother can change guardian of minor by will. Dr. Babasaheb spent the whole of his life for improving the lifestyle of women belonging to every sphere of life, even for those who are involved in bad practices and professionals like prostitution.

The commercial vehicle industry in India has witnessed tremendous growth in the past few years. Global truck makers are targeting India’s commercial vehicle segment to tap the potential of the world’s third largest truck market. Service quality is becoming more and more important to commercial industries as customer satisfaction and loyalty lead to repeated purchases and higher market share, increased profitability and word of mouth publicity and also work as a tool for providing competitive advantages. The premium brand heavy commercial (company X) are having presence in India and engaged in manufacturing, sales and service of heavy commercial vehicle product in domestics market. There is a need for the comprehensive study at Company X which would cover all aspects of service quality and customer satisfaction. Service quality is an assessment of how well you delivered service conformed to customer expectation. Industry assess the service quality in order to improve their services, to easily identify problems and to provide better customer satisfaction. The study aims to find the gap between expected and perceived service quality factors in company x of premium brand commercial vehicle company. This study is measuring service quality by using SERVQUAL- a perceived service quality questionnaire methodology. SERVQUAL examines five dimensions of service quality, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangible and Reliability.Heavy commercial vehicle customers are holding different types of expectations about service quality. There is considerable gap exist between expected and perceived service quality of company X premium brand heavy commercial vehicle. The results of the research showed that customer of company X heavy commercial vehicle are not satisfied with after services rendered by the company.

Kusavali village as part of the rural settlement which can always effect the rural environment of nearby location. Socio-economic status of Kusavali village is mostly depended on education, income and occupation. Socio-economic condition makes much effect on housing condition, living condition, life style, education, health and other all functions in rural area. The education and income are important elements for Socio-economic assessments of rural population. The study was carrying out on the basis of primary data including the field survey with help of questioners and also collect the secondary data from grampanchayat of kusavali village. This paper represent the Socioeconomic assessments of Kusavali village with help of following parameters like, labour Force Participation, Agricultural Labour, Educational status, Language, Culture, Religion & Caste status.

Studies related to effect of Competitive State anxiety and competitive performance has become a major topic of interest to sports psychologist in recent years. The present study is mainly concerned with anxiety in shot put athletes and its relation with their performance who participated in the state level competition. A researcher himself, being an athlete, has experienced such situations and hence was curious to study the effect of competitive state anxiety and performance. The researcher in his own performance at practice sessions and national competitions showed considerable difference. According to researcher anxiety might have been a major factor for such results. After being in contact with many similar athletes and coaches the researcher has found that similar problems are faced even today. Hence the researcher decided on performing a study on shot-put athletes and sees the effect of anxiety on their performances. The study was a Survey with experimental research one group pretest posttest Experimental research. The male shot-put 19 athletes of the Maharashtra state aged between 16-18 years will be considered as the total population of the study. The sample of the study was selected using convenience sampling method. For data collection the tools used was the Competitive State Anxiety inventory -2 (CSAI-2) by Martens, Vealey, & Burton (1990). The specific tool measures, cognitive, somatic anxiety, & self-confidence.Pearson Correlation method was used for this propose. The‘t’ test for paired observation was used to determine whether group improved significantly in performance and optimal anxiety after training. Post test showed significance difference has been found performance and anxiety level due to training module. The result of the research showed shot- put male athletes reported reduce of Cognitive Anxiety and Somatic Anxiety and high level Self Confidence. Furthermore these athletes displayed higher self-confidence with positive effect on their performance. Cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety are positively correlated.

Manohar Malgaonkar is one of the bestsignificant writer in Indian writing in English whose script wasbroadly read by society. He is Marathi by nationality and served the Indian army as a colonel. Thereafter he devoted himself to literary activities. He wrote an eight novels, several stories and sketches also. It is a true sign of an artist to be alert and to reply to the major events in his society to his best capacity. Novelist like Dicknens and Thackeray portrayed their subjects from different aspects of life and various incidents. It is supposed that the fundamental conception of literature is interpretation of life. Manohar Malgaonkar are convinced that these novelists interpret life, keeping their focus on society.

India is a developing country which recently experienced a rapid growth in the industrial sector. Pimpri – Chinchwad is one of the major industrial area in Maharashtra. Water is an important and essential requirement for industrial growth. Pmpri-Chinchwad industrial area receives water supply from Pawana dam in Maval tahashil of Pune districts. Now day’s water supply to rural and urban population, agriculture and industries is burning issue in many parts of Maharashtra. As the industries are growing rapidly it is an urgent need to look in to the issue of accurate management of water in industrial units. Therefore we have focused the electronic zone of Pimprichinchwad MIDC to study of water management. Basically the assessment of industrial water use also domestic its use in those industrial units was made through the filling up the questioner in the electronic zone. The use of excess water in industrial process also domestic use of water, its scarcity and deficit were assessed in the study. This study provides to plan for other alternatives of water supply by applying rainwater harvesting techniques. The study also calculates rainwater harvesting potential for industrial units. Therefore industrial units look forward as their own alternative water supply source. The study reveals the amount of water used by every industrial units under study. As well as proper utility of water, problems related to water supply, water management and alternative to overcome the related problem.

After Independence, India embarked on planned development with the objective of achieving a self-reliant socialistic pattern of society. The measures taken towards the same were initiation of a centralized planning machinery for economic planning and public investment decision making expansion of public investment in basic and key industries and intervention in the market through a number of regulatory measures and controls. The policy framework was a mixed economy with the coexistence of public and private sectors with a dominance of public sector in many key areas. The policy of approach was that of excessive intervention in the market mechanism to control and regulate to domestic economy and external sector.

Agriculture is most roles for rural economical development. This paper represents agriculture with help of land holding capacity land use pattern, farmers, agriculture labors, Marginal Workers how effects on rural economical development. The study was carrying out on the basis of primary data including the field survey with help of questioners and also collect the secondary data from grampanchayat of kusavali village. This paper represent the Agriculture and its effects on Kusavali village with help of following parameters like Agricultural Labor, Live Stock, Farmers in study area., Marginal Workers in study area, Total Man Power, General land use of Kusavali, and Land holding capacity.

Population structure is important role for rural development. in rural area less development of industry, transport facility and other activity. Due to most of the occupation is in primary like Agriculture, Animal rearing, mining and others. This paper represent population structure with help of dependency ratio, age sex pyramid, child women ratio, literacy rate and how impact on rural development. The study was carrying out on the basis of primary data including the field survey, secondary data from grampanchayat of kusavali village, computer based technique and Toposheet. This paper is focus on the economic assessments of rural with help of following parameters these are population structure with educational status of rural population in major centers of grampanchayat of kusavali village.

Akbar has a very important and everlasting place in Indian history as empire-builder, the real founder of the Mughal Empire in India, upholder of religious tolerance and creator of innovative cultural tradition. He recognized India not only as his own home but also a country with variety of political and cultural personalities. He laid the foundation of a secular nation-state in India. He separated religion from politics, rejected the Islamic theory of state, and declared himself the national monarch of India.i Akbar was, however the first among the monarch of medieval India who raised the policy of Religious Toleration to the pinnacle of secularism. He included the Rajputs and other Hindus in the administration and used their power to expand the Mughal Empire and in his reign there was no place for racialism, regionalism, or any of religious prejudices. Akbar, just like emperor Asoka, made a sincere attempt to promote the spirit of love and harmony among his subjects. He created a political unity and it was also consolidated by the establishment of uniform system of administration and created a good environment for economic prosperity and socio-cultural harmony. That is why the Mughal period is the evidence of synthesis of Hindu-Muslim culture and shaping the composite Indian Culture. Akbar is mainly responsible for creating the environment of cultural harmony in India. The attempt here is to look into the various aspects of Akbar’s policy of religious tolerance and the development in this regards.

The progress of agriculture cooperative credit sector depends on loan repayment within time from the farmers. The study emphasized on recovery and arrears of loan issued by Primary Agriculture Cooperative Credit Societies (PACS) in the western region of India. The study analyzed growth in loan issued and loan outstanding from the year 2012 to 2016. The region wise diversities were observed in average loans outstanding, loans issued, Demand, Recovery and overdue. Percentage of recovery and percentage of overdue to demand has been calculated. The present study found uneven growth in loans issued in three states of western region. This study found inequality of progress in PACS of western region states of India. It concluded that Number of PACS and number borrowers were increased every year, but PACS are still facing the problem of low recovery.

Stress and anxiety are universal human experiences that are intrinsic to human conditions. One learns and acquires knowledge by constantly interacting with the environment. In our modern technological and achievement oriented society stress and anxiety is evoked by social-evaluative situations. Today, test, examinations and evaluative situations have emerged as potent anxiety evoking stimuli in our society that demand our attention for its alleviation. The reason being that its debilitating effects have overpowered its facilitating effects. Stress involves not only the potential stressful events themselves, but also interpretations of them and the individual’s response- which may be physiological, cognitive, affective or behavioural. It adversely affects the social, cognitive and academic performance, as well as mental health of a person. Academic stress more among students occurs due to their exposure to huge amounts of information, technological advancement and diversification of modes of learning. They are unable to handle the loads of information and cope with demands and pressures from the environment. Eventually, their performance in academics begins to decrease. Feelings of worry, apprehension, self-preoccupation and bodily tensions begin to surface due to distal and proximal factors. Distal factors may be- the biological makeup, parental expectations and child-rearing practices, observation and modelling of test-anxious behaviour of parents, teachers, siblings and peers and the school and class environment. The proximal factors pertain to the test and task related variables. Stress related to examination is determined by an interplay of both the situational and subjective determinants. It may be expressed through cognitive, affective and behavioural responses of individuals in evaluative situations. Examination stress may have an adverse effect on the physiological and mental well-being of the students. Under highly stressful situations, in an effort to cope with the situation they may experience loss of sleep and appetite, sweating, problems in information processing and memory failure. This may inhibit realization of their true potential.

Fitness is an individual matter which implies the ability of each person to live more potentiality and effectively. It is a general state of health and well-being and, more specifically, the ability to perform aspects of sports, occupant ions and daily activities. Physical fitness is generally achieved through proper nutrition, moderate-vigorous physical exercise and sufficient rest. Effective living depends upon the physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual components of fitness. The term physical fitness means more than muscular strength and stamina; it implies efficient performance in exercise or work and a reasonable means of skill in the performance of selected physical activities. It is a measure of the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist hypokinetic diseases, and to meet emergency situations. Physical fitness and good health appear to be almost synonymous, but they are not exactly so; a man who is healthy may not be physically fit. The amount of required physical fitness differs from one occupation to another. Physical activity has important implications for the health and well being of all individuals. Easy life has negatively influenced the development and maintenance of physical fitness.

Collaboration is a wonderful teaching tool. Teachers have the opportunity to assess and differentiate instruction for students more readily and they can learn new instructional techniques from one another to expand their teaching repertoire. Cooperative teaching experiences also provide mutual support and assistance for planning and implementing lessons, assessing students’ progress, sharing professional concerns, and addressing students’ learning needs. Most importantly, teaming allows more opportunities for students to understand and connect with content thereby maximizing individual learning potential.Problems in education have no fixed answers. No teacher education program can prepare teachers for all the situations they will encounter. Teachers themselves will make the final decisions from among many alternatives. Such judgments may be good or poor. Therefore, it is important for teachers to constantly reevaluate their decisions. This can be achieved through collaborative and reflective practices in teacher education. Cooperative learning in teacher education can instill in future teachers the value of social interactions Reflection improves a teacher's ability to make appropriate and sound judgments and, therefore, become an empowered decision-maker. Reflective teaching means looking at what you do in the classroom, thinking about why you do it, and thinking about if it works - a process of self-observation and self-evaluation.By collecting information about what goes on in our classroom, and by analyzing and evaluating this information, we identify and explore our own practices and underlying beliefs. This may then lead to changes and improvements in our teaching.Reflective teaching is therefore a means of professional development which begins in our classroom.

This study was planned to appraise the factors that affect the performance of rural entrepreneurs in micro small enterprises located in central districts of Tamilnadu .It also gives the characteristics of rural entrepreneurs in micro small enterprises and the supports they acquire from Government, Financial institutions and NGO’s, we have taken a sample of two hundred rural entrepreneurs as respondent for this study to engaged in five Industrial areas was taken for this pilot study using systematic sampling technique. In the process of respond the basic questions, a constructed questionnaire that include personal profiles, qualities of rural entrepreneurs and their enterprises, factors that affect the performance of rural entrepreneurs in micro small enterprises and supports received from central and state Government of India was framed well constructed questionnaire and measuring scales. Moreover, data collection were held with the rural entrepreneurs who are living and running the business in the rural side, After the data has been collected, it was analyzed using suitable statistical tools The results of the study indicates the personal qualities of rural entrepreneurs in MSEs and their enterprise affect their performance .It also shows that lack of own premises(land),financial utilization, management of competition, inadequate usage of training, awareness of latest technology and consumption and availability of raw materials were the key economic factors that affect the performance of rural entrepreneurs in Micro small enterprises. The study also found that bias of gender roles; social acceptability and network with outsiders were the major social factor that causes the performances of the rural entrepreneurs.

In this journal paper, we are investigating experimental study of routing overhead for the reactive routing protocols as a Wireless Multi-hop facing in Networks. In this investigation we are choosing the AODV (Ad- Hoc on Demand Distance Vector), and dynamic MA-NETs. We could enhance generalized network models by adding route (links) monitoring overhead in the network. So that we will take different framework and parameters of routing protocols for the variations of route performance in network.In this journal paper my experimental study on above routing protocols with the help of simulation tools (NS-2),which is simulate to the routing protocol as well as give a brief comparison and discussion for routing protocol as a better performance in networks. The AODVs routing protocols are optimizations route to prevent flooding of network during route discovery as well as control TTL (Time 2 Live) of RREQs to search incrementally larger areas of the network. The advantage of this excremental topic is less overhead, when successful and repair links with less overhead delay and packet loss.The disadvantage is longer delay if route not found immediately and longer delay and also it will greater packet loss when unsuccessful in networks environment.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is found to be the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Currently, the Myocardial Infarction (MI) or stroke incidence in India is much higher than western industrialized countries. One of the factors associated with an increased riskof MI are chronic hassles at workplace, financial setbacksand persistentanxietythat aggravate incident of CHD and cardiac mortality. Presently, prevention and management of stroke is the best option considering the Indian scenario through control and/or avoiding riskfactors of stroke.This study aimed to examine the effects of ashort yoga program in overcomingstressful response towards hassles and the tendencies to react anxiously to situations. Thirty MI patients aged 28–55 years mostlyworking men and women participated inmanagement program in the form of yoga Nidra(deep relaxation), pranayama (breathing techniques) and meditation for tenconsecutive days. The assessment pre and post yoga and meditation techniquesshowed remarkably reduced level of anxiety and improved reactions toward hassles at workplace from Day 1 scores to Day 10.Results highlighted the effectiveness of yoga and meditation in decreasingphysiological sensations of anxiety by enabling patients to observe these anxiety-laden sensations in a non-judgmental way without avoiding them. In addition, the techniques helped MI patients in recognizing stress inducing or negative thought patterns and redirecting attention to things that occurred in the present moment.The paper thus, reiterates the beneficial effects of regular practice of yogaand meditation for improving the physiological, emotional and psychological health and thereby enhancing the productivity at workplace.

The problem of child labour has been more serious in developing countries. Due poverty, hunger, illiteracy, ignorance, traditional thinking and lack of proper implementation of child labour laws in our country ,the problem of child labour is still persist in our society. The children of age below 14 years have working in various fields and in very hazardous conditions. The number of child labour has been increasing in our country and the number of child labour is more in our country as compared to any other country in the world. Many provisions are provided in our constitution and in laws to control child labour but socioeconomic conditions prevalent in the country do not force children to get compulsory education and to enjoy right to education. The attempt has been made in this paper to provide brief account of child labour laws in our country, reasons for child labour and suggestions to control child labour.

Management should be particularly interested in knowing financial strengths of the firm to make their best use and to be able to spot out financial weaknesses of the firm to take suitable corrective actions. The future plans of the firm should be laid down in view of the firm’s financial strengths and weaknesses. Thus Financial Analysis, starting point for making plans, before using any sophisticated forecasting and planning procedures. Understanding the past is a prerequisite for anticipating the future. Financial Analysis is the process of identifying the financial strengths and weaknesses of the firm by property-establishing relationship between the items of the Balance Sheet and the Profit and Loss account. The profit and loss account statement gives the totals of different expenditures and revenues during the given period and the net result, viz., profit or loss during the given period. The balance sheet shows the balance of assets, liabilities and the capital as on the last date of accounting period. The present study is undertaken to analysis financial performance of dalmia cement limited.

The Goods and Services Tax (GST), India's biggest tax reform since Independence, was rolled out past midnight on Friday at a gala event organised in the Parliament's Central Hall. A minute after the stroke of midnight, President Pranab Mukherjee and Prime Minister Narendra Modi pressed the button to launch the new indirect tax regime on a digital screen with 'GST' emblazoned on it in a golden hue. Conceived on the principle of 'one nation, one tax, one market', the tax that subsumes 17 central and state levies was launched in the presence of Vice President Hamid Ansari, former Prime Minister HD Deve Gowda, Lok Sabha Speaker Sumitra Mahajan, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley, MPs, chief ministers, state finance ministers, officials of the Centre and states.The movement of goods will now become much simpler across the country and cheaper as the new regime replaces the old system, where a product was taxed multiple times and at different rates.

Psychosocial competence is a person's ability to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life. It is a person's ability to maintain a state of mental well-being and to demonstrate this in adaptive and positive behaviour while interacting with others, his/her culture and environment. Psychosocial competence has an important role to play in the promotion of health in its broadest sense; in terms of physical, mental and social well-being. In particular, where health problems are related to behaviour, and where the behaviour is related to an inability to deal effectively with stresses and pressures in life, the enhancement of psychosocial competence could make an important contribution. This is especially important for health promotion at a time when behaviour is more and more implicated as the source of health problems. The most direct interventions for the promotion of psychosocial competence are those which enhance the person's coping resources, and personal and social competencies. In school-based programmes for children and adolescents, this can be done by the teaching of Lifeskills in a supportive learning environment.

Personality is what makes a person unique person and it is recognizable soon after birth. A second component of personality comes from adaptive patterns related to a child’s specific environment. In today’s world academic knowledge alone is not sufficient to grow and excel in life. A lot of other factors need to be taken care of before we go ahead. We see such things on a regular basis. Today it is no longer possible to get a job or an admission just on the basis of an entrance test. Each of these processes is followed by either a group discussion or a personal interview or both. This is clear that we not only have to be technically sound academically but also on other personality fronts. For this purpose study area from Daund Taluka was identified. Questionnaire was administered for all the college students in Daund Taluka. The feedback received was analyzed with the tabulation and the percentages. The establishment of new junior colleges in rural area, the strength of the girl’s students has increased sizably. The performance of educational institutions in semi urban area are performing well as these are mainly privately owned institutions where the funds problem is not that severe compared to the educational institutions in the rural areas of Daund Taluka. The contribution of the educational institutions under the study area the researcher has observed that by and large their contribution in the personality development of the students is fair. The senior colleges are performing very well on the conduct of personality development programs for the students. Level of confidence level of sociability and level of self-sufficiency is higher in senior college students than junior college students. If possible both these sections may make agreements to show their students of appropriate class the Radio, Television program for their students. This will create interest in the minds of the students. The junior and senior colleges may be given grants for purchase of power generator of adequate capacity so that their laboratory work and other allied work which is dependent on power is not hampered. The role of educational institutions in personality development is vital. The education is a behavioral science which is becoming more important in modern age. In today’s world of knowledge industry, one cannot ignore the importance of education and thereby the personality growth of the students. Accordingly, the educational institutions should undertake consistent research and extension activities in the area of personality development.

This paper traces the genesis and growth of Public Library movement and development in the World and particularly in the State of Goa in sustaining the educational needs of the users. The first part covers the Global development in Public libraries; second part deals with the Indian scenario and the third part represents the Public library movement in Goa state specifically in meeting the educational needs. The paper also emphasizes the role of public libraries in formal and non formal education as well as public library as an educator and literacy center. It also presents an exhaustive picture of public library movement in supporting the future citizen of country as well as by providing related material to its citizens

The study attempt to compare the awareness about educational opportunites of children with special needs of tribal parents with regard to their level of education and social setting. The sample for the study is total 150 tribal parents selected randomly for the study. An interview schedule for the parents is used to collect the information about the awreness of educational facilities of studnets with speical needs. The major findings of the study are literate tribal parents were more aware about educational opportunites of their children with special needs than illiterate parents. Furhter, educated parents were more aware about the educational opportunites of chidlren with special needs than illiterate parents

In order to improve teaching learning process we need to think and implement innovative practices, methods, ideas, skills and strategies for teacher training programme. This is the need of hour. Innovative practices help to explore abilities and will challenge teaching learning process of teacher trainees at each and every stage of programme.

What is learning? Learning is an active process of creating meaning from different experiences. ‘How do students learn best?’ We will get several answers to this question from various stakeholders of the field of education. But keeping in mind ‘child-centric education’, the common answer which will be focused upon more will be constructivism. Many educators too believe that the best way to learn is by having students construct their own knowledge instead of having someone construct it for them. In other words, students will learn best by trying to make sense of something on their own with the teacher as a guide to help them along the way. As its name may imply, constructivism emphasizes the building (i.e., constructing) that occurs in people's minds when they learn. One of the primary goals of using constructivist teaching is that students learn how to learn by giving them the training to take initiative for their own learning experiences. Constructivist learning experiences include reflective thinking and and an authentic activities, including student collaboration and consideration of multiple perspectives, and student access to content area experts who can model domain-specific skills. Constructivist-oriented teachers mediate between student prior knowledge and their lived worlds, creating learning environments that will help them increasingly develop complex understandings and skills.

The present paper is a research paper which describes the process of development of e-content by using guidelines given by UGC India. The e-content package was developed by the researcher to acquire the eskills among the student teachers of B.Ed. course of Savitribai Phule Pune University. The guidelines given by UGC were used by the researcher to develop the particular e-content package. The process of the development of the e-content package has been stated in the paper. Broader steps and phases have been described in the light of UGC guidelines. The e-content package had two aspects i.e. knowledge and skill of the selected ICT skills. The theory and practical aspects both were included in the package. The e-content package was based on six e-skills i.e. smart browsing, email, chat, blog, wiki and social networking. The e-content package consisted of learning material to inculcate skills and to achieve knowledge regarding each e-skill. The e-content was used for Ph.D. research by the researcher.

Payment system in the country have key role in the development of the country. Efficient and secure payment and settlement systems are essential components of a well-developed financial system. The Payments System provides the arteries or highways for conducting trade, commerce and other forms of economic activities in any country. An efficient payments system functions as a lubricant speeding up the liquidity flow in the economy and creating a momentum for economic growth.Digitization of payment system means shifting from paper based payment system to digital/ electronic payment system. India is now in phase of digitization of payment system.The Digital India programme is a flagship programme of the Government of India with a vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. “Faceless, Paperless, Cashless” is one of professed role of Digital India. Digital payment system is an integral part of digital India programme and prime important for cashless society. Digital payment system offers many advantages such as substantial monetary savings of the government, financial inclusion, higher tax revenue, reduction in poverty, strengthening banking system, effective tool to address the problems of corruption, black money and fake notes etc. The aim of the present paper is to present the overview of payment system of India and explain the necessity of digital payment system for attaining inclusive growth of India.

Undoubtedly, the Goods and Services Tax, popularly referred to as GST, is one of the most remarkable historic reforms in the effort to bring the entire nation under a single tax regime. The earlier taxation system was mainly divided into two major categories- Direct Taxes and Indirect Taxes (Excise Duty, Sales Tax, Local Body Tax, Customs Duty, and Service tax), depending on whether the tax burden is borne by the payer directly or shifted to others in the value chain. This taxation system ultimately led to the tax on tax cycle resulting in increased cost of all goods and services. Thus, GST is a move to merge the taxation system to make it simpler and more effective. So, basically with the notion of ‘one nation, one tax, one market’, GST will subsume the indirect taxes both at the central level and state level. These alterations have impacted every sector of the economy and have also ensured in bringing every business under the tax net. The Indian manufacturing industry has emerged as one of the high growth sectors in India, and the launch of ‘Make in India’ initiative further propelled and gave this sector the necessary boost. According to the Global Manufacturing Competitiveness Index published by Deloitte, India is expected to set its global mark by becoming the fifth largest manufacturing country in the world by the end of the year 2020. In addition, the Government of India has set an ambitious target of increasing the GDP share of manufacturing industry from its current stagnant 16% to 25% by 2025.

Solapur is a city located in the south-western region of the Indian state of Maharashtra Solapur is located on major road and rail routes between Mumbai and Hyderabad, with a branch line to the cities of Bijapur and Gadag in the neighbouring state of Karnataka. Solapur, which has a flat or undulating terrain in general, has no important hill system. Solapur falls under the category of dry (arid and semiarid) climate conditions. More than 300 stone crushers quarry and crusher machine plants in Solapur most of them are illegal and beyond rules and regulations of environmental clearance of Ministry of Environment and Forest. Concerns due to quarrying activities i.e. blasts, noise, vibrations, dust, increase in siltation, stone missiles, environmental degradation, landslides, run off, Air pollution problems due to hot mix plant, stone crusher and ready mix plant in the vicinity of housing societies. During the study following observations were made intermittent noise of drilling and chiselling operations was also noted. This part of the hill has observed large landslides and segregation of the loose soil. This may further lead to increased siltation rate in the catchments of Hipperga Lake. The stone quarrying activities, on a large scale can have several environmental impacts such as effects of blasts, vibrations, stone missiles, loosening of earth thereby increasing the chances of landslides and siltation rates, aesthetics etc.

English language has become an important part of our communication. In the recent years there has been focus on English language learning and especially for those learners who are from the lower socioeconomic status. English appears to be a magic wand which opens up doors of opportunities and helps one to live in better living conditions. The state of Bihar is one of such places which are struggling with the issues of quality education. The present study is an attempt to provide a view of what is happening to English language in our classrooms. The paper is a qualitative study filled with narratives from learners who have presented their difficulties in form of their stories. The paper identifies six probable causes for the issues and also lists steps which could be taken to solve them out.

The present research deals with A Comparative Study of Effectiveness of Co-operative learning Method and Traditional Teaching Method at Higher Secondary School in Jalgaon City The samples Sixty (60) students of XI class in Higher Secondary School. The data was analyzed using t. Findings : Co-operative learning Method is an effective for teaching of in secondary students.

People depend on biodiversity in their daily lives, in ways that are not always apparent or appreciated. Human health ultimately depends upon ecosystem products and services (such as availability of fresh water, food and fuel sources) which are requisite for good human health and productive livelihoods. Biodiversity loss can have significant direct human health impacts if ecosystem services are no longer adequate to meet social needs. Indirectly, changes in ecosystem services affect livelihoods, income, local migration and on occasion, may even cause political conflict. There is growing concern about the health consequences of biodiversity loss and change. Biodiversity changes affect ecosystem functioning and significant disruptions of ecosystems can result in life sustaining ecosystem goods and services. Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary for the great Indian bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) at Solapur, Maharashtra, India. The land is drought-prone and semi-arid. Maharashtra is one of the six states of India where great Indian bustards are still seen. The great Indian bustard at Nannaj was first identified By Mr B.S.Kulkarni in 1972 and with his constant efforts to save the bird had resulted in Dr. Salim Ali visiting Nannaj and starting a research project

Digitalization presently is a process for taking India forward with promotion of use of ICT by the Government of India. This paper focusses on the use of ICT enabled pedagogy for distance teaching-learning of counselling and family therapy post graduate programme being offered by Indira Gandhi National Open University. In the present study, feedback was obtained from experts in the field, learner support centre in-charges, and academic counsellors involved in counselling for theory and practical courses of the modular post graduate diploma and Master’s degree programme in counselling and family therapy. Purposive sampling method was used for data collection. It was found that majority of the respondents were in favour of using ICT tools for interacting with the distance learners to bridge the gap felt by the academic counsellors as well as distance learners pursuing counselling and family therapy post graduate programme of IGNOU. The paper highlights the possibility and potential of promoting digitalization of distance teaching-learning process and use of ICT enabled pedagogy for distance education in the context of the counselling and family therapy post graduate programme of the only national open university of India. The paper discusses the need and importance of ICT enabled pedagogy for distance teaching-learning and describes the features and potential of this ICT enabled pedagogy. The difficulties and problems perceived to be faced in using the ICT enabled pedagogy for distance teaching-learning of counselling and family therapy post graduate programme are also discussed in the paper.

People living in these forest fringe villages depend upon forest for a variety of goods and services. These includes collection of edible fruits, flowers, tubers, roots and leaves for food and medicines; firewood for cooking People depend on biodiversity in their daily lives, in ways that are not always apparent or appreciated. Human health ultimately depends upon ecosystem products and services (such as availability of fresh water, food and fuel sources) which are requisite for good human health and productive livelihoods. Biodiversity loss can have significant direct human health impacts if ecosystem services are no longer adequate to meet social needs. Indirectly, changes in ecosystem services affect livelihoods, income, local migration and on occasion, may even cause political conflict. There is growing concern about the health consequences of biodiversity loss and change. Biodiversity changes affect ecosystem functioning and significant disruptions of ecosystems can result in life sustaining ecosystem goods and services. Thus, this increasing degradation of forest is hampering the basic human right to life and livelihood of the local communities, especially the indigenous community whose life is closely linked with the resources and environment amidst which they live. Great Indian Bustard Sanctuar

The innovations that ICT has brought in teaching learning Process include: E-learning, e-communication, quick access to information, online student registration, online Advertisement, reduced burden of keeping hardcopy, networking with resourceful persons, etc. However, the presence Of all these factors increased the chance of excellent integration of ICT in teaching-learning process. It can also Provide the means of gathering, connecting and analyzing data about Teaching and learning in ways that enable us to more accurately Diagnose student need and evaluate programs. In this paper, a literature review regarding the use of ICTs in education was provided. Effective use of ICT for Education, along with ICT use in the teaching learning process; quality and accessibility of education; Besides, an overview of the ICT and scholastic performance.

The renowned Indian English novelist Late Rama Mehta with her unique novel Inside the Haveli (1977), the Recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award (1979) explores the culture of Udaipur, Rajasthan in particular and of India in general by focusing their traditions, customs, beliefs, rituals, gender stereotypes, superstitious beliefs; and folklores. So far the novel has been studied from the point of view of feminism, post-colonialism, and patriarchal dominance by the researchers, scholars and critics. However, not much research has been carried out from the point of view of traditional Rajasthan culture which is one of the representatives of Hindu culture that has been depicted in the novel. Thus the intent of the paper is to focus on the traditional Hindu culture and some of its dominant exponents which have not ever been explored by the researchers, scholars and critics of the novel.

In market various toothpaste brands are available. Every consumer gives importance to healthy tooth and gums, prevention of tooth decay, herbal attribute, whiteness, long lasting freshness, good foam and price. Actual percentage of ingredients in various toothpaste brands are aggregated with respect to permissible theoretical percentage in toothpaste. Permissible theoretical percentage indicates the relative importance of the ingredients type in toothpaste.A λ- fuzzy measure is evaluated to obtain the index. Comparing indices the toothpaste brands are ranked.

Iintelligence is the major Psychological aspects of an individual. Development of intellectual ability is depRends on how we give a chance to the students to think in intellectual ways. Some schools take special efforts to develop these inborn abilities and some schools does not take the efforts. So researcher decided to conduct a survey to find out, is there any difference in intelligence on the basis of gender and type of schools and the interactive affect of these parameters on the Performance score of students? For this research, data was collected from Kolhapur city of Maharashtra State. After collecting and analyzing the data it was concluded that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of intelligences of grantable and non grantable school students. There is no significant difference between the mean scores of intelligences as well as academic Performance with reference to gender and school types. There is no interaction effect of gender and school types on intelligence. There is no interaction effect of gender and school types on academic Performance.

Self-concept denotes self-awareness of the individual. Self-concept is best conceived as a system of attitudes towards oneself. It enables the individual to think, perceive and evaluate in a way unique to themselves. Baumeister (1999) defines self-concept as, “The individual's belief about himself or herself, including the person's attributes and who and what the self is". Lewis (1990) suggested that the development of a self-concept of self has two aspects: A) The Existential Self and B) The Categorical Self. Carl Rogers (1959) proposed that the self-concept has three different components: A) The view you have of yourself (self-image), B) How much value you place on yourself (self-esteem or self-worth) and C) What you wish you were really like (ideal-self).

A display is a projecting mechanism that shows video to the user using a cathode ray tube (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD), light-emitting diode (LED), Organic light emitting diode (OLED) or by other projection technology. The demand for smart displays has increased significantly across the world owing to increasing demand for OLED- based devices and technology. Along with this, global digital TV subscription exceeded one billion in 2017. In this survey work we have attempted to find out awareness among the people of rural and urban area about TV display technology. We found that, around 79% people in urban area and 44% people in rural areas are using the TV display which is compatible with their TV subscription

Artificial diamond achieved great interest from last few decades. This work describes the influence of SnO2 overlayer thickness on nucleation and growth of diamond films on pre-scratched silicon substrates. The SnO2 overlayer was deposited by spray pyrolysis technique and diamond was deposited by Hot Filament Chemical Vapour Deposition (HFCVD) technique. The samples were characterised by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy

An attempt has been made to study in detail the personal-financial literacy among the students of Arts, Commerce and Science in the second year of CK Thakur College. This research shows that the S.Y.B.A. and the S.Y.B.Sc. Students' personal financial literacy falls below the average and therefore, there needs to be improvised and compared with the S.Y.B.Com. Student’s which is above average according to study done in the past

In recent years we have seen a wave of innovation and development in the field of communication technology that has touched every spheres of our life. Education sector is not an exception. It has changed the way the students access information, create and share information .it also changed the way the parents, educators and students communicate with each other.

E-books are now an integral part of the collections in academic libraries. This paper explores current restrictions on viewing, printing, downloading, circulation, and inter-library loan. It also covers how these affect the lending of mobile devices and library e-readers. Restrictive licensing clauses, proprietary software and file formats, digital rights management (DRM), and the single-user business model many e-book publishers use are the most significant issues. In many academic libraries, the allocation of funds for marketing has been overlooked. Many librarians have created promotional activities at minimal cost to the library.