Mercantilism is an economic strategy spanned from the 16th Century to 18th Century, intended to increase a nation's economic exports while minimizing its imports. With the end of the Cold War and the evident success of liberal democracy fueled by capitalism, export oriented market economies are taking control of the global system. Capitalism is increasingly forming a NeoMercantile group, and Former Soviet Republics are no exception. The former Soviet States were undergoing economic change as capitalism was a recent concept there. The upshot of this widespread agreement is an increase in global economic activity. These economic shifts have been so profound that Luttwak (1990) predicted geo-economics would replace geopolitics as the dominant framework for global analysis. Since Central Asia is located between Europe and Asia, the two current top energy-consuming economies it offers much more than hydrocarbon resources. Because of its central, yet landlocked, location in Eurasia, the area serves as a land link connecting cultures, communities, and most notably economics.

Reduction of green cover in mega cities is evident throughout the world and across the country. Mumbai is one such city experiencing rapid loss of green cover. The city’s green cover has been reduced to less than 13% owing to loss of land to various ‘developmental’ projects. The loss of green cover is often justified under ‘creative destruction’. The destruction should be seen at the backdrop of consequences of climate change faced by the city like seawater intrusion, urban heat island, flash floods and so on. There has been increasing awareness about climate change and deforestation in younger population compared to the earlier generations. The same has been reflected through the environmental movement ‘Save Aarey’ recently. It was observed that India’s most important economic centre is taking down the city’s last remaining green spaces too. The 13000 hectares Aarey colony forest which is habitat to tribal villages and several animal species has been facing the threat of getting destroyed. The Mumbai civic body has approved the proposal of Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation to cut down over 2700 trees from Aarey colony in order to build a carshed for the metro. There has been a huge outcry to save the forest. The entire issue has been politicised with the entry of various political fronts. The research was undertaken to understand what is the reaction of younger population to the politics of Aarey and what are the preferences of younger generation regarding environmental conservation. The research also attempts at capturing the dilemma of development vs. conservation. Primary data has been collected to substantiate the research findings. The research finally attempts in positioning the case of ‘Aarey’ in current environmental politics in the city of Mumbai

Air pollution is responsible for 1 in 8 deaths worldwide. Her 3.3% of global GDP is affected by economic losses due to air pollution. 99% of the world's population lives in places where air pollution exceeds limits set by the World Health Organization. Pollution and domestic air pollution kill 6.7 million people a year. This paper aims to understand environmental ethics using various statistical techniques. Various global environmental problems are explained by statistical methods. Only the major countries of the world are considered in this study. Major pollutants include PM 2.5, carbon dioxide, ozone layer depletion, forest areas, greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen oxide emissions, and sulfur dioxide emissions. We know that harmful emissions are declining in many developed countries, but the trend is reversing in developing countries. This study seeks to explain how major countries are influencing and controlling these pollutants. Forecasts are made using time series analysis. For this study, secondary data is taken from The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics, United Nations. In the study, we see that Delhi is the most polluted city in India. In last 5 years, deforestation was highest in Brazil. India ranks her second in deforestation. According to 2019 data, China is the country with the highest carbon emissions, followed by the United States and Ind

Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China started in 1950. It was ended after the Government of Tibet signed the Seventeen Point Agreement on 1951. Dalai Lama and many residents of Tibet migrated to India. This event triggered the anxiety in China. The expansionist attitude displayed by China from 1962 laid to the formation of China Occupied Kashmir to recent claim about Arunachal Pradesh. Though it is geography of both countries that plays a key role in this dispute, the leaderships are also responsible for fuelling the crisis. China’s expansionist attitude is also fuelled by its stagnant economic performance recently and its effort to assure resources to continue its industrial growth and expansions. The recent Galwan Valley and Pangong Tso clash shows how China still believes in its ideology as expansionist and trying to stall the development of neighbouring country. Today, in the age of globalization, China is using its full potential to dominate the global market and be the most powerful among all. Most of the countries have emerged dependent on China for the supply of their daily consumable products. The Chinese hegemony in terms of military, economy and geopolitics has emerged as one of the problem areas for India. This research attempts at seeking perceptions of the common people’s awareness about the border issue, their expectations and their perspectives over both countries a

The countries of central Asia namely Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and the Caucasian Republic of Azerbaijan formed a part of the Soviet Union till its disintegration in 1991. However, they have been separate countries and nations thereafter until now. This paper seeks to examine the emergence of national consciences in the above-mentioned soviet republics. After their Secession from the Soviet Union. All the above-mentioned countries, with the exception of Tajikistan, speak Turkey Languages, which are mutually intelligible to different degrees. Consequently, they form a cultural and linguistic bond with each other which Turkey (Turkiye) tried to exploit to promote her influence in the region in the early days of the disintegration of the Soviet Union, by promoting pan Turanism. Tajik Language, being keen to Persian has substantially influenced all the above-mentioned turkeyik languages. As a result, Iran also showed its expansionist intention in the region. China is very active in Central Asia, cultivating friendly relations with the above-mentioned former soviet republics by launching projects of regional cooperation such as the “Tapi Pipeline Project”. This region has rich deposits of petroleum and natural gas consequently many American and European Countries Have opened their branches in these countries. Again, the citizens of these countries being Muslims, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and other west Asian countries are active here in the spread of rightist ideas.

Man is a son of nature. Unlike today, the ancient man was happy being in nature. In certain ways there is a relation between man and nature that used exploits the nature for his betterment without being harmful to it. The word “environment” is as wide in connotation as the word “ culture.” In fact, both the concepts are closely related. Some environs are provided by nature, among which water, air, fire and earth are prominent. Environs are natural and artificial. There is a close interaction between the two

One of the most crucial tools for environmental preservation and sustainable development in the present era is environmental ethics, which has roots in the earliest human civilizations. Due to its consequences in the development discourse, it is already a worldwide problem. However, the majority of people in both developed and undeveloped nations are unaware of its significance. It is extremely simple for everyone to carry out their obligations and responsibilities correctly when considering environmental ethics, which may lead to the sustainable development we could not expect for—a peaceful and joyous environment for our generations on this planet.Environmental ethics of an individual determine the level of conservationn of nature and natural resources.so the prime importance of education should be the inculcation of environmental literacy through experiential learning.

Rashtravad aani pradeshikatavad ya sankalpanancha aapan vichar karu lagato tar rashtravad manaje aapalya rashtravishayee aadar, prem, jivhala hoy.

Anthropocentrism asserts that humans are the apex species, and historically, most people have subscribed to this idea, which has resulted in significant ecological degradation. It is true that human beings have been quite self-serving in their exploration and exploitation of the natural world, but it would be incorrect to draw the implication that humans shouldn't utilize natural resources for their own legitimate purposes and necessities. We do, in fact, require the assistance of nature to survive. Our problem is that we tend to blur the distinction between ethical, progressive, and humanitarian consumption and insatiable, destructive exploitation. The Judeo-Christian Bible's account of creation in the book of Genesis contains the origins of anthropocentrism. In this account, humans are created in God's image and given orders to "subdue" the earth and "have authority" over all other living things. This passage has been interpreted as supporting an instrumental view of nature, according to which the natural world only has worth if it helps humankind, and as demonstrating humanity's superiority over the natural world. This school of thought is not unique to Jewish and Christian theology; it is also present in Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy and Aristotle's Politics.

Eons ago this world came into being an apocalyptic evolution; later the human race ruled the planet changing and molding it into towns and creating boundaries; keeping others of the same kind out and binding themselves into a solitude of pride. Nationalism is the name given to these boundaries, differentiating people on the basis of land expanses and cultures and ways of living. Nationalism is the sense of oneness against that of the otherness that threatens change and encroachment; it is the sense of security, community and belonging. Humans by nature are social animals longing for companionship and a home and nationalism is the sense of knowing their home and an emphasis on their identity and duty towards their nation. A tree can survive only if it holds firm to its roots and origins. In a wider space of the world at large, nationalism is an individual’s grasp on their identity; it's the sense of knowing and belonging, it’s an individual’s hold on their own identity. The grasp that an individual holds on this sense of belonging can become consuming and caging, trapping them in an elaborate web of self-righteousness, spun by those in power. Nationalism takes the form of a rigid normative and oftentimes suffocating structure rather than being a subjective art form painted with the brushes of history with the colors of the present to represent the strokes of the future. A tree which holds only to its origins dies of self- suffocation like a sapling curled into its seed refusing to come out

With India emerging as one of the important world powers, understanding the political consciousness of the youth regarding socio-cultural and political terrains would be a prime concern. The perceptions of youth could be decisive in shaping various discourses on culture, society, environment, and development. The power of the youth can be cultivated for constructive activities and hence their perceptions and attitudes need to be rationalised. To shape a country with a better future, the youth need to be educated and trained to think politically. Political rationality and neutrality would be one of the vital characteristic features needed to be acquainted with the increasing intensity of socioeconomic and environmental problems. The opinion-making of the younger generation is expected to be unbiased and without the influence of politically vested interests and party agendas. It would be apt to hence reflect upon the political consciousness of the younger population. Consciousness shapes perceptions of a person vis-à-vis how they acknowledge the current situation in society. Understanding the perception of youth would thus reflect the larger political processes that are shaping the young generations' political perceptions. The research engages in making enquiries into the current socio-economic conditions, political situations, and other such relevant issues to investigate their perceptions. The research also makes the generation indulge in questions of policies, policy-making and their implications. The youths from the cities have been targeted specifically to understand the process of shaping political consciousness. As the cities are powerful in terms of politico-economic positions and seat of various political deliberations, it is presumed that the city youths are privileged to have well-defined perceptions on various issues with academic backgrounds and wider exposure. The proposed research attempts at mapping the “political consciousness” of the younger population to understand how their political perceptions have been shaped. The research also attempts to capture how far the youth are aware of the current socio-cultural and politico-economic issues. Finally, the research attempts to culminate the dialogue with the younger population to grasp their preferences regarding their own lives and the community at large.

In this globalized era, we are only talking about climate change, Global Warming, safeguarding our natural environment, preservation of biodiversity and conservation of our depleting earth. But practically nothing much is done. But time has now come to think, re-think and do something ourselves to save our earth. The history speaks about the work of stalwarts in environmental movement like Wangari Mathai for Green Belt Movement, Dr. Al Gore from USA for An inconvenient Truth, Sunderlal Bahuguna for Chipko movement, Ramkrishna Hegde for Appico and Dr. Rajendra Singh for water movement and Sadguru for his Global save soil movement. So this paper is an attempt in this direction depicting the case studies of five unsung heroes from India who are trying to conserve and preserve biodiversity ,fight the pollution and the effects of global warming by small gestures in their day to day life without expecting anything from anybody in return . They are just interested in making all of us aware about it. The lesson for us to learn is that we should not ask the govt. to do something for us, rather we should do something to save ourselves. We should change our Environment Harming habits.

Concept of Ecofeminism: The combination of deep ecology with feminism is known as ecofeminism. Deep ecology investigates the interaction between humans and the natural world and challenges the implicit superiority that humans have placed on nature. Deep ecology necessitates the development of a new ethic that values nature equally from a more comprehensive perspective.

The life of man is totally dependent on his environment. From the first stage of evolution of human societies, man obtained all the resources needed for his survival from the environment. As human societies grew, man and environment relationships became adverse. Dynamics of this relationship can be understood through the stages of food gathering and hunting, animal rearing and community living, plant cultivation and agricultural development, science, technology and industrial revolution. Today, man’s relationship with his environment is highly negative. This has affected the equilibrium of the environment, thereby creating a host of environmental problems for him to deal with. Thus, there is an urgent need to bring about a so-called ‘Degree of Balance’ in this give and take relationship. The present paper deals with demographic aspects of the coastal people in mangrove areas of Konkan. The parameters taken and interpreted for the study include population growth and density.

The research paper analyzes globalization in the modern world, notes its manageable nature on the part of the leading world powers, the growth of resistance to this particular process on the part of some European countries with their understanding of the inevitability of globalization. The main concepts of globalization, the problems of the impact of globalization on the modern world order, the views of Western politicians on the formation of a new world order, the point of view of the Russian leadership on a multipolar world are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the role of the United States in changing the entire range of existing international relations. The positions of Russia and China on the transition from a unipolar world to a multipolar one is considered. The role of Russia as a leader of resistance to the unification of mankind, the commitment of country to a peaceful and just world order, without pressure on the countries of the world with military and economic power, the threat of war, is noted. The conclusion is made about the inevitable transition of the world to multipolarity.

Agriculture is an important economic activity in Palghar district where majority of population is depend on agriculture. Agricultural productivity and cropping patterns are immensely affected by the climate, climate change and factors like soil, physiography, capital, market, transport, etc. This research focuses on an analysis of the potential effects of changing climate on the geographical distribution of suitable areas for the cultivation of different crops especially rice. The investigation projects relation of physiography, slope and climate with rice crop cultivation. Rice is a major staple food crop in Palghar District. Large population in the district is depend on rice as a staple food. The present investigation is helpful to find out the climatic suitability for rice crop which is very essential for precision agriculture supports agricultural development and economic progress of nation. The research also focus on distribution of physiography and climate and its impact on rice cultivation as well as find out the relation with population distribution characteristics.

The modern lifestyle of human beings is affecting the environment, causing climate change and global warming. However, in the search for pleasure and happiness, the human being has been exploiting nature without any moral control to such an extent that nature has been rendered almost unable to sustain a pure and healthy life. Can Buddhism contribute to solving the current environmental crisis? The principle of ecology teaches people to protect the natural environment. Buddhist principles teach people to be kind to nature and treat nature as a part of life. Deep ecology asks deeper inquiries and actually observes the way we live and see how it fits with our deeper consciousness and values. Enquiring questions like "How do I live in a way that is moral for me, other people, and our planet with its several forms of life?" may lead us to deep changes in the way we live. Deep Ecology is very well-suited to Buddhist traditions and practices. The restating and interaction of Deep Ecology with Buddhist principles and ethics greatly contribute to one’s knowledge. Deep Ecology reflects mindfulness and concern about the intrinsic value of all living beings. Mindfulness, Kindness, compassion, and wisdom are the core concepts of Buddhism. Buddhism teaches us to be aware of the concessions of our actions, including that action that is responsible for destroying our environment. The Buddhist conception of society is not confined to humans only. In a profound ethical sense, it includes all living beings, animals as well as other creatures and plants. Buddha has given equal importance to all living beings. There are a number of verses related to the environment and its related human duty and human relations with the environment. Buddhism maintains that there is a close link between man's morals and the natural resources available to him.

The Indian Ocean has emerged as a critical trade, commerce, and energy conduit. The waters of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) have become a home for economic developments, disputes, conflicts, and competition for regional influence by regional and extra-regional powers. All major powers, such as the United States, Australia, Japan, United Kingdom, India, and China have sought stakes in the security of the IOR. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union wanted direct access to the IOR; now, China is looking for the same. The Indian Ocean remains a pivot, being the world’s busiest trade route. Around 80 percent of the world’s maritime oil trade passes through the IOR. The rise of China across the maritime region has compelled nations (including India) to reshape their maritime strategies. This commentary aims at looking at the geostrategic importance of the IOR for India, China’s presence in the region, and counterbalance strategies.

Aadivasi shabda se tatparya aadivasi, jangali, aadim vanvasi etc. se mana jata hai.

Asia is home to the oldest civilizations in the world. Their indigenous cultures paved the way for many practices that have been fundamental to society for centuries, including agriculture, urban planning, and religion. The social and political geography of the continent does not stop counting and conditioning the rest of the world. Asia divided into 5 regions. – East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and West Asia. This study analyzes the knowledge of the future and the significant relations between India and Asia and their implications for geopolitics and energy security in general and how India seeks to build, establish and strengthen its relations with significant Asia. It has a long history. The close trade and cultural ties between the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia, the beginnings of which date back to the Indus Valley Civilization, in 1947 when New Delhi found its way to the region without a direct land corridor, the sea route later found itself again in import and export rivalry between India and Pakistan. As the Soviet Union and Cold War era ended in 1991, India, the only non-Communist nation with a diplomatic outpost in Central Asia, was in an advantageous position to strengthen ties with the newly independent Central Asian republics. : Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Trying to figure out how big India's reach is in Central Asia? How important is Central Asia to India? How can India further improve its relations with Central Asian countries? What are the challenges for India in the Central Asian region? This paper discuss suggestions for improving relations with Central Asia.

Tourism is important economic activity which also related to natural landscapes and beauty and bounties of nature. In modern economics, tourism plays a vital role in accelerating the progress of the countries and communities. It is also induces employment generation and infrastructural development that facilitates the overall development of a region on the one hand. On the other, the excessive and misfit utilization of resources for tourism leads to disturbance to the natural and socio-cultural environment. All round development of tourism in present era has been found to induce large scale degradation of geographical environment at a faster pace. Although it is said that geo-tourism is an environment sensitive activity which touches conservation of natural environment, it has not been total reality. In fact, geo-tourism is also studied by the researchers with narrowed perspectives while just focusing upon different geographical aspects of tourism and their spatial interpretation. Hence, to plan and develop geo-tourism as an important activity needs awareness and detailed study at a grass root level. After field observations the researcher felt that there is a need to look into the issues for awareness level of geo-tourism aspects and also suggests effective strategies for the same to make ecotourism important and useful. The trend of tourism in India with special reference to Maharashtra gives some hints of the potentials and drawbacks of tourism. The present study investigates the geo-tourism potentials of Potholes at Takli Haji in Shirur (Pune district) or Nighoj in Parner (Ahmednagar District). Physical environment is explained by using secondary sources of information and personal visits for observation. The tourism potentials and problems are studied by conducting the survey using the schedules and questionnaires. Different methods are used for analysis of the data and it is interpreted with evidences. The opportunities, drawbacks and remedies are also suggested for the geo-tourism.

Present study aims in finding out the impact of globalization and to study non-fictional programs of Indian television. It aims to find out the noticeable change in the content and the presentation of news, reality shows and the other programs.

The success of any open and distance-learning programme depends on how well it is designed, executed and evaluated. Evaluation of a programme not only demonstrates its strengths but also points out the inherent shortcomings of the programme. The aim of evaluating a programme is to develop an appropriate and effective methodology for assessing the learning outcomes at different levels, examining distance learner’s views about the quality of the courses or programmes and judging the impact that completing the programme has had on learners. Achieving the aims should allow judgments to be made about the quality of programme and the value and worth of the programmes. The issue of Master’s in Political Science (MPS) programme of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) is known to be competition oriented and useful in building careers of the learners. The MPS programme was introduced in 2004 and it is a successfully running programme. The MPS Self Learning Materials (SLMs) is very well received and appreciated, it was felt that such programme/ courses are important for human resources development and increasing GER. This programme provides the learners, freedom to shape an individual programme of study to meet their personal interest and career goals. The learner can specialize in the areas of Political Theory, International Relations, Comparative Politics and Area Studies, and Indian Politics. There was a need to conduct an evaluation study of MPS programme, so as to analyze the relevance of the curriculum and effectiveness of the SLM materials , and suggest the areas which need revision and development/ improvement of curriculum or programme/course content. The present paper aims to analyze the quality of the programme, its usefulness in career building and in facing competitive exams and the various problems faced by the Open and Distance Learners of MPS, the need for monitoring the implementation and utility of the programme with the changing needs of the learners. Further, the study also aims to assess and analyze as to whether IGNOU has been successful in achieving its motto to reach out to the marginalized sections of the society.