Need of having State is undoubtedly accepted. State is a protector and guarantor of civil rights of civilians. Administration is inevitable organ of the state. The state is a juristic person it has to act through its agents and employees. State performs varied welfare functions. It is expected that the state should provide and protect the rights of people. However many times the state machinery fails not only to protect the rights but also to ensure the existence of rights of people. In such circumstances tussle between administrative action and civil rights of people emerge. At present there are scattered pieces of legislations with regard to regulation of administrative authorities of the state. For e.g. Right to Information Act, Right to Services Act, so on and so forth. However these patches are not enough to guarantee the civil rights. Hence liability of state arises time and again as a demon to democracy. This article intends to provide some light on basic aspects of this domain.

Aadhunik sahakari chalvalichi suruvat bharatat san 1904 chya bharatiya sahakari sansthancha kayadyane karanyat aali.

Education is a process to facilitate learning, to acquire knowledge, to apply knowledge, to develop understanding and skills. Education may take place formally or informally. Learners may learn with direct or indirect approaches through experiences. Education is a process of modification of child’s behavior. General objectives of education are to impart knowledge, understanding, application of knowledge and developing skills, habits, interest etc. Main functions of education are related to development of an individual, society and the nation. There are various purpose of educational philosophy such as inspirational purpose, analytical purpose, prescriptive purpose and inquiry purpose that focus on different areas of education. Educational philosophy is a separate branch of philosophy which deals with framing the objectives of education and nature of education. It sets the goals of education according to the specific religion, society, morals and scientific approaches. Further it provides directions to achieve those objectives of the education. Educational psychology is the branch of Psychology which deals with various areas of education such as learning, behavioral psychology, theories of learning, motivation, intelligence, adolescent period, objectives of education, need of education, curriculum etc. There are three main perspectives of education where we find psychological base of education i.e. behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism.

India is the largest and best democracy in the world, which gives its citizen the right to vote, democracy is deeply rooted in India irrespective of their caste, color, creed, religion and gender. There is a need to eliminate gender discrimination, illiteracy, castes and poverty to ensure democracy in India.Social movement are driving India towards deepening of democracy, women play an important role in it. There are procedures and rules which are strengthening the parliament’s oversight on government. It leads to sustained and equitable development. Focus should be on effective democracy. Subordinate groups and local government should have ample opportunities to engage meaningfully with the state for deepening democracy.

Kontahi vyavasay karayacha asel tar keval tya vyavasayachi aavad aani abhiyogyata asun bhagat nahi tar tya vyavasay kam karanyasathi aavashak dnan, kaushalya, abhiruchi, drushtikon asava lagato.

The present scenario of the society shows that internet media has become a part and parcel of our daily life. People cannot imagine their routine without accessing internet. It has washed out the geographical boundaries are almost. The major negative side of using internet as social mass media is that it’s a virtual world and whatever information found on internet are readily accepted without any kind of verification. Keeping safety measures while using internet is always advisable. As two sides of a coin internet media has its advantages and disadvantages. It is at the users’ end how they utilize it. A framework proposed involving three aspects in order to aware people and develop a positive use of internet. It is suggestive that not only proper use but restricted use of internet is also to be emphasized on. It can be proven as a best resource of knowledge and skills at the same time can be a worst destroyer of time, money and energy. It depends on the utilization of the internet and completely in the hands of internet users to make it bane or boon.

The advances in technology and communication currently has significantly influenced the development in the field of education, including the use of smart phones that can be adopted as a source of learning in educational institution. The use of internet for educational purposes has increased many folds among Indian youths. The growing popularity of smart phones among the youth can potentially revolutionize the way we learn. The introduction of 4G technology is already being pinned as the next big thing in the mobile internet revolution. The current study was conducted to investigate the use of smart phones by students of professional (Engineering) courses and non professional (BCom & BA) courses. It was found that students of professional courses used smart phone more for educational purposes as compared to students of non professional courses.

Local self-government organizations include Gram Panchayat, Taluka Panchayat, District Panchayat, Municipality, Municipal Corporation etc. India is a country made up of villages. The development of the rural area is an important factor affecting the Indian economy. An important unit working at the village level is the Gram Panchayat. Gram Panchayat is an independent working organization of local self-government. The Gram Panchayat receives income mainly in two ways. (3) Income of self-funding (3) Income of grant. At the village level, the Gram Panchayat receives income through various types of taxes and taxes. This income is called self-funded income. In this research the income of the self-funded Gram Panchayat is analyzed. In which all aspects related to self-funded income are outlined. It is therefore useful to improve the revenue of the Gram Panchayat. This research is useful not only at the state level but also at the national level. The business of the research presented is the gram panchayat of Valsad district. About 50 gram panchayats have been selected from Valsad, Dharampur, Kaprada, Pardi and Umargam talukas of Valsad district. As well as from which resources the self-funded income of this Gram Panchayat is obtained. They have been analyzed.