Richard Wright (1908-1960) was the first out standing black writer to achieve a distinct place in the canon of Afro-American Literature. There had of course, been other successful black writers before him Charles W. Chestnutt of Cleveland , Paul Laurence Dunbar of Dayton and some other extra ordinary talented writers but they were unable to knock the heart of the people of America . Richard Wright was a great American novelist, autobiographer, short story writer and playwright. He was the voice of those people who for centuries lived under the excruciating environment created by White people. The condition of black people was very pitiable; they were duped by white people in every phase of life. Richard Wright became a voice of those, who were suffered for a long time. He was one of the most important writers of his age. It would be not American wrong to say that he was the pioneer of a new genre of literature i.e. Afro American literature.

As it was a period of crisis, dismay and loss of value. Auden and his contemporaries were greatly agitated and tried to diagnose the ills of modern civilization in Marxian and Freudian terms. During this phase Auden visited Belgium, Iceland, Spain and China and examined their political, economic, social problems and conditions and found that…. “Everywhere man was in the quandary.” Auden was like a current of fresh air that refreshes and makes the people breath a long breath; He was in fact a leader who made the people conscious of their problems and tried to pull them out from the abyss of despair and despondency. Auden started on his poetic journey in search of human values.

The study examined the Technology Skills among under Graduate Students – Need of the Hour in Vellore District. A descriptive survey design was used for the study. Questionnaire was used for data collection from 739 graduate students by using multi-stage sampling method with three different colleges namely Government, Aided and Self–finance colleges affiliated Thiruvalluvar University in Vellore District. The research adopted descriptive design. The data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics from the Statistical Package for Social Science -20 version. The study was an attempt to find out the relationship between Technology skills and their courses of study, gender, domicile, academic performance and categories of colleges. There is immediate necessity to capacitate the college students to face the challenges towards their better life. The study used various statistical methods such as; t-test and ANOVA test. The various suggestions given here would certainly help the students, parents, teachers, state and central governments and educational institutions to benefit and join hands to ensure a strong nation through developing technology skills among the graduate students.

The British conquest of Odisha in 1803 C.E. presented a melancholy evenht in te annals of Odisha. Soon after their conquest the administrators paid immediate attention to the problem of land system and revenue collection as the prosperity of the British rule depended on it, because land revenue was the main stay of their financial system. The Government passed some temporary regulations for the administration of Odisha on 4th May, 1804. By those regulations, the territories were divided into two divisions, the northern and southern with the river Mahanadi as the boundary between the two. For each division a Judge- Cum-Magistrate was appointed with entrusting duties of collecting the land revenue. Rober Ker and Charles Groeme were in charge of the northern and southern divisions respectively.1 On September 15, 1804, a proclamation was issued by the Commissioners at Cuttack concerning the settlement of the land revenue in the Mughalbandi portion of Odisha. By regulation 12 of 1805 the British imposed the first land revenue settlement in Odisha on an elaborate scale. A yearly Jama of Rs.13, 14,825 was fixed on the province.2 The financial burden on the land holders became heavier in comparison to the collection of Jama by the Marathas. As a result of this more than one-third of the province came under the direct management of the British Administration when land owners refused to pay land revenue. This land came to be known as Khasmahal. 3 These Khasmahals were kept under the management of Tahasildars to be supervised by Collectors.4

India has always cherished the past as the pattern of the present and future. The highest effort of ancient Indians was directed towards training human beings for a state of spiritual perfection. India has been the centre for the spread of the truth in the world all through the ages, through a galaxy of spiritual personalities who have inspired and guided mankind with a sublime vision of the divine and also to achieve Moksha. To achieve Moksha or deliverance, a very high degree of morality was insisted upon. This can be seen in the Ashrama theory of ancient times, which later on became the model for monastic institutions of all other religions on India. Thus, the idea of asceticism has its source in Brahmanism. Such spiritual leaders are known as sages, saints, ascetics, mystics, gurus and the dwelling places of these holy men are called Ashramas or Mathas among Hindus, Viharas and Chaityas among Buddhist and Basadis among Jains.

With a one billion population, India represents 16.7% of the world‘s population. The country has witnessed a three fold increase in population over the last half a century but the economy has not been able to cope up with this rate of growth. Being heavily dependent on agriculture, livelihood in rural areas could not provide employment for everyone. In the absence of significant industrial growth, there has been severe unemployment and underemployment, resulting in poverty. For most of the poor, fight for survival has been a life long mission and natural resources have been the main source of livelihood. Most of the rural women have been suffering from various ailments due to malnutrition, unsafe water, lack of sanitation, exertion and neglect. They are deprived of basic education and confined to their houses. In spite of their significant role in supporting the family, women in many regions have no status in the society. They are treated as idle, despite their work schedule stretching throughout the day. The important role of women in the welfare of the family is being realised gradually. As the socio-economic progress of the community has a direct link with the empowerment of women, the development programmes for women are receiving greater attention. The task now is to ensure effective participation of women in sustainable development of the community.

The present study was established to examine the effectof perceptual speed of high school students as predictors of mathematics achievement. A sample of 500 studentswas selected randomly and stratified in to locale , gender and type of schools from Palwaldistt.Haryana.A self madetest made by was employed with three five levels word comparison ,figure comparison, comparison of Roman-numerals ,Number /Formula comparison &Figure identification .The analysis was done by correlation n t-test.The findings suggested that Boys, Girls, Urban, Rurals have identical perceptual speed but there is a significant difference in govt. and private school.

Hygiene facilities are essential to ensure proper working conditions at all workplaces, on turn they are influenced by the social and economic determinants of the population living there. Basic minimum standards of working conditions as recommended by law are either ignored or intentionally violated in the unorganized sector. There is no legal provision to monitor them neither job security is provided nor safety equipment. In the absence of insurance their fate turns fatal. Gender inequality compounds these problems for female workers all the more. Their perceived need for health is generally below the actual need. Those who work as construction workers face several health problems emanating from the construction sites and their domestic situations lack basic necessities. The construction industry is associated with high risk accidents leading to death and several chronic diseases. Being uneducated they are not aware of these maladies like scoliosis, lead poisoning, diseases of joints and skin infections which are very common. Further wages are inadequate making it difficult for them to run their families, the discontent leads to abusive behaviour. Seniors use verbal abuse for the co-workers. Use of drugs and alcohol make the situation further precarious. These horrors are perpetratedon the children growing up on construction sites. These sites are particularly hazardous for young children who are prone to many ailments and accidents. Many sites are in new, undeveloped areas on the outskirts of the cities. It is ironic that while these workers are instrumental in developing these facilities,neither they nor their children have any access to them.

Deori is one of the plains scheduled tribes of Assam. The scheduled tribes of Assam are divided into two group viz., hill and plains tribes. Nine (9) ethno- cultural communities have been scheduled as plain tribes by Indian constitutions and Deoris is one of them. Deoris has settled in different places of upper Assam both northern and southern part of Assam. The original abode of the Deori was at Sadiya. At present times the Deoris are found to be inhabited in different places of six Districts of Assam viz., Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Dibrugarh Tinsukia, Jorhat, and Sonitpur. They have their own social system viz., language, culture, family, marriage, religion, economy, education and different Socio-Political organization and these all social institutions are very important for them.

In the present context, Teacher and Teacher Educator face many problems in their working Institutions because of these problem, they face unfavorable environment, non- cooperative tendency among co-teacher and student‟s. This kind of Problems may create dissonance situation in their professional Institute. In this Juncture, the teacher Educators should change their pattern of behaviour. Particularly the compromise behaviour in one of the most important behaviour to change their unfavorable environment to favorable environment. The main purpose of developing compromise is to fulfill needs of present situation in the changing the society and to create good students and Student-Teachers by giving training through Guidance and Counseling Practices to cope up with the problems existing in the society. The significance of the article is to emphases the development of the potentialities of the students at maximum level by the teacher educators to promote their own academic benefits and for the welfare of future nation.

In the title of the topic above, three terms ICT, Development of self instructional materials (SIM) and Open distance learning (ODL) are given. First of all, they should be introduced : ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology. ICTs have diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate and to create, disseminate, store and manage information.Technologies involved in ICTs are Computers. Internet, broadcasting Technologies ie. Radio & TV and telephone. At least five levels of technological use in Education ate identified –They are presentation, demonstration, drill and practice, interaction and collaboration.

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), which was established in 1985 at Dhaka owes its birth to the pioneering initiative taken by the Late President Zia Ur Rahman of Bangladesh. It was initially a group of seven South Asian countries, viz., India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Maldives, and expanded to include Afghanistan as the eighth member in the SAARC Summit held in Dhaka on November 13, 2005. The assumption of SAARC was that a common culture, civilization and heritage among all the seven post colonial states of South Asia would bring about unity and cooperation among them, gradually brining about social and economic development in the region.

Adherents of the arts claim that an aesthetic component in the curriculum is quite capable of enriching aims, making them better understood, and increasing the potentiality of deliberately choosing them. Indeed, they regard no class of subjects as exclusively aesthetic. However, Science pedagogy has been influenced by the philosophical paradigm called the cognitive-rational perspective. This standpoint is also reflected in the aims and objectives recommended by the various Indian education commissions, committees and policies on science education for various stages from time to time. To overcome, this lacuna in science education, and to achieve other promising aims that facilitates science identity affiliation belief besides enhancing aesthetic understanding, an aesthetic approach to teach science has been proposed. The researcher has conducted quasi-experimental study in Mumbai for teaching Science to Class VII of Maharashtra State Board, wherein, deriving insights from Dewey‟s philosophy, a pedagogy based on aesthetic approach has been developed. The study involved three instructional cycles and pre-testing and post-testing the experimental and control group students on aesthetic understanding and Science identity affiliation belief. The inferential statistics have shown the treatment to be effective. The results of the study are significant for ushering in reforms in science education.

The study focused on home environment and its impact on the adjustment of secondary school students. Present study was conducted on 200 rural and urban students of class 10th of four schools of Tarn Taran city. Data was analysed by using 't-test' and 2 way ANOVA. Results showed that urban secondary school students have better home environment and they have better adjustment as compared to their counterparts. Moreover, findings of the research reveals that boys and girls of urban areas have the same home environment and therefore both of them have same adjustment patterns but girls of rural areas got better home environment so they are better adjusted as compared to the boys of rural areas. Further 2-way ANOVA results also shows that there is significant interactional effect of home environment and locality on adjustments of secondary school students but this interaction of home environment and gender on adjustment of secondary school students is not significant.

Sadar sanshodhan bodhatmak sangharsha pratimanachya sahayyane iyatta 8vitil vidyarthyachya sankalpanatmak parivartanavaril parinam abhyasala aahe.

Bharat deshatun parakiya sattene kadhata pay ghetala. Swatantra deshache samajik, Rajkiya, Aarthik, Sanskrutik vicharache manthan suru jale.

The present study investigated the main and interaction effect of method of teaching, locality and intelligence on achievement in Social Science among seventh graders. Achievement in Social Science was treated as dependent variable whereas method of teaching (smart classroom teaching and conventional teaching); locality (rural and urban); and of intelligence (high and low level of intelligence) were treated as independent variables. Descriptive survey method was employed for the present study. A sample of 430 students of class VII (216 students from the schools having smart classrooms and 214 students from the schools without smart classrooms) was taken by using multi-stage stratified random sampling technique. General Intelligence Test (GIT) by Mohsin (1990) was used to determine the intelligence of seventh graders. An Achievement Test in Social Science for seventh graders developed by the investigators was also used to assess their achievement. The obtained data was analyzed by using Balanced Three Way ANOVA with 2×2×2 factorial design. Hartley‟s Test of Homogeneity of Variance was also applied to test the assumption of homogeneity of variance for ANOVA. The findings of the study revealed that i) Main effect of method of teaching, locality and intelligence on achievement in Social Science among seventh graders was found significant. ii) A significant interaction effects of method of teaching and locality was reported on achievement in Social Science among seventh graders. Further, no significant interaction effect of method of teaching and intelligence; and locality and intelligence was found on achievement in Social Science among seventh graders. iii) The findings of the study further revealed that triple interaction effect of method of teaching, locality and intelligence was found significant on achievement in Social Science among seventh graders

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as foreign investors stirring their assets into another country where they have control over the management of assets and profits. FDI has the potential to generate employment, raise productivity, enhancing competitiveness of the domestic economy through transfer skills and technology, strengthening infrastructure, enhance exports and contribute to the longterm economic development of the world‟s developing countries. The spectacular and unprecedented growth of FDI in the global economic landscape over the last two decades has made it an integral part of the development strategy of both the developed and developing nations. Rise in purchasing power, growing consumerism and brand proliferation has led to retail modernization in India. The growing Indian market has attracted a number of foreign retailers and domestic corporate to invest in this sector. FDI in the retail can expand markets by reducing transaction and transformation costs of business through adoption of advanced supply chain and benefit consumers and suppliers (farmers). Despite these encouraging signs, India‟s retail markets remain largely off-limits to large international retailers like Carrefour. Resistance to liberalizing FDI in this sector raises concerns about employment losses, unfair competition resulting in large-scale exit of incumbent domestic and the death knell on the small traders who will be in no position to compete with the big players. Thus it will kill the small entrepreneur initiative; as these traders do not have the capital and expertise to compete with big retail chains. In this paper an attempt is made to study the growth of retailing industry in India. The study encompasses growth of retail sector, strength and opportunities of retail stores, retail format on India, recent trends and opportunities and challenges.

The Micro Small and Medium enterprises (MSMEs)have beenplaying significant role in Indian economy for a very long period. MSMEs, by their very nature, have been characterized by choice of labour intensive techniques, therebygenerating huge employment – as per quick estimates of 4th All India Census of MSMEs covering 26 million enterprises, 60 million persons got gainful employment11. In India majority of the workforce are less skilled or unskilled, which are not fit for the modern industry, but they get employment in small enterprises, because it require simple training to operate machines and other activities. India has been a capital scarce country. Capital-labour ratio in the MSMEs being much lower than the large scale industries, the MSMEs are able to generate more employment with the limited resources in the economy.The MSMEs contribute 8 percent of the country‘s GDP, 45 percent of the manufactured output and 40 percent of exports12.