Jeanette Winterson, being a versatile writer of repute, has produced novels, short stories collections, film scripts, essays etc. Love, sexuality and story telling are the dominant themes in her works. Winterson questions the traditionally accepted feminist roles and deals with issues regarding distinct gender and sexuality. Her primary interest in the novel is to show how the dominant roles of behaviour and ideologies were used to fix traditional gender roles and sexual conventions and how these roles have fixed and specified women's roles and behaviour. Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit is concerned with the protagonist's quest for self-fulfillment. The novel is also a lesbian Bildungsroman tracing the development of the narrator from early childhood to late adolescence. This paper tries to trace how Jeanette, the protagonist struggled hard to find her true self and her quest for selffulfillment. The protagonist strongly believes that there is nothing wrong in being a lesbian. She asserts her individuality and identity strongly. The novel ends on a optimistic note and shows how the protagonist is successful in her quest for self-fulfillment.

Panchayat Raj System can be truly empowering at grass root level only when it is fully alive to the aspiration and need of the people. It is the management of local affairs by local people through elected local bodies. Grass root democracy based on local participation in which people feel sense of responsibility and make their developmental plan themselves. In Jammu and Kashmir, the roots of Panchayat Raj were planted by Maharaja Hari Singh in 1935 by promulgation of Jammu & Kashmir village Panchayat Regulation No 1. Later on various regulations had been passed from 1936 onward to accession with India that makes the local self-government more strong. In 1989, the Jammu & Kashmir Panchayat Raj Act came into existence. After 12 years of the same, the first Panchayat elections were held in 2001, in which people participated positively and elected theirs representative for local democracy, but somehow it failed. After a gap of 10 years, in 2011 once again Panchayat elections were held, the elected Panchayat worked as a bridge between various government departments, police forces, armed forces and civil population but due to differences between ruling coalition’s political parties in state in relation to devolution of power to local self-government and make it half democratic and same completed theirs tenure on July 2016. In 2016 Governor Assents to the Jammu & Kashmir Panchayat Raj (Amendment) Bill, will now allow indirect election of Sarpanches. The Research paper is deal with the historical study of Panchayat Raj System in Jammu & Kashmir and challenges before it and also suggests solution to make it truly democratic.

The present study provides an analytical overview of the effectiveness of modular package in learning Science. Educational technology offers solutions to tackle the problems of modern educational system. The paucity of challenging educational material, which will not stifle the creativity of the learner, is better met within modular scheduling. Yet the use of modular package have not found their place in the present day schooling in India, especially in learning Science for middle and high school’s students. So the modular package on a concerned topic of Science i.e Air has been developed and tested for effectiveness in an experimental set up of 60 students using control-experimental two group design. by the investigator. It has been found while the low achievers can attain improvement in learning, the high achievers can develop competency through this approach. While the educational wastage could be eliminated, the productivity and accountability of educational system could be maximized through modular scheduling

“Teaching creates all other professions.” ~Author Unknown Teaching is the specialized application of knowledge, skills and attributes designed to provide unique service to meet the educational needs of the individual and of society. The choice of learning activities whereby the goals of education are realized in the school is the responsibility of the teaching profession. A more viable starting point in education could be to perceive entrepreneurial education as a means to achieve more interest, joy, engagement and creativity among students (Johannisson, 2010, Lackéus, 2013). “The secret of getting ahead is getting started.” ~Mark Twain, Write. The rapid development of IT technology also provides many opportunities for learning entrepreneurship skills (Zunfeng and Chunling, 2011), or for college students to start their own businesses (Chen et al., 2012). The academicians of all the disciplines are in search of finding out the pedagogical skills to empower their students with entrepreneurial skills so that they can sustain themselves in the growing competitive world. Teacher education institutions across the world are in the process revamping their programmes so that they can meet the future challenges of the growing educational industry. There is lot of pressure on the Ministry of Human Resource Department in India to revamp the teacher education in India. The NCTE is also working day and night to enhance the quality of school education and teacher education in India.

It is primary duty of every nation to impart primary education to every child without any discrimination. In India, inclusive education is implemented all over in neighbourhood schools for the education of children with special needs under RTE, act. In this paper the central purpose of the study was to know the level of acceptability of general teachers towards the inclusion, to explore the opinion of different school teachers about the inclusion of visually impaired children and also making them aware of the inclusion of visually impaired children. The research was descriptive in its nature and 40 teachers were randomly selected for the collection of data. A close ended questionnaire was used for the data collection in which three point type scales was used to get the responses of the general teachers. Analysis of the result was done by calculating frequencies and percentages of responses. The majority of the general teachers had accepted the inclusion in the regular schools.

Most of the products being sold in the market today are identified by their names. The name which helps the buyers in recalling the product instantly is known as brand name. It is for the purpose of identification of product, it becomes more crucial in the consumer durable market where buying decisions of the consumers are based on the brand perception. It has been rightly said by Al Ries and Jack Trout that “Marketing is not a battle of products, It is a battle of perceptions”, in their book “22 Immutable laws of Marketing”. In order to be perceived first by the buyer, marketers put deliberate efforts in making the product recognizable and perceivable. Branding helps in winning the battle of perception. In general, the Indian consumers were indifferent in choosing the brand, since a lot of close substitutes were available in the market. Due to technological and knowledge up-gradation, today’s customers prefer to opt for branded product. When several brands of a particular product, which are similar in quality of performance and external appearance, are available to the consumers brand knowledge, loyalty and trust can create a preference in the minds of consumers. Thus, there is a need to take a re-look at analyzing the purchase intention and buyers’ choice towards a particular brand. Under these circumstances an attempt has been made by the researcher to study the impact of brand heuristics, brand knowledge, brand trust, brand loyalty, perceived quality, brand association and brand equity on the purchase intention of various brands of television

A psychological test of values purports to measure generalized and dominant interest, motive or broad evaluation attitude.Television in India is a huge industry which has thousands of programmes in many languages. The small screen has produced numerous celebrities, some even attaining national fame. More than half of all Indian households own a television. As of 2012, the country has a collection of free and subscription services over a variety of distribution media, through which there are over 823 channels of which 184 are pay channels.Values are not an object or entity of any kind or a personality trait. But it is a non-cognitive or effective characteristic of one’s personality. No one is born with values. Values are learnt, developed and are also likely to change in one’s life. People acquire experiences they grow and learn. To study the impact of television programme on Political and spiritual values of Pupil Teachers a TELEVISION PROGRAMME VALUE ASSESSMENT SCALE”-MPSA which was developed by Dr. Ajeet Kumar Shankhdhar (Bareilly) and Dr. Pradeep Kumar Misra (Bareilly) was used. Descriptive Survey Method was employed to collect the information. Majority of the pupil teachers accept that television programmes that provide political information contributed in their social developmen

Organizations are transforming in a swift manner, the employees have to be changed according to the transformations of the organizations for getting better output. Proper Training and Developmental activities in the organizations are needed which leads to good Human Resource Development in the organizations. Modern organizations are spending junk amounts for T & D activities with an expectation of having good yields of the organizations. T & D programs are targeted to mould the employees Attitude, Skills and Knowledge towards the expectations of the organizations. Proper planning, implementing and evaluating the Training and Development programs are the important steps in T & D activities. The present study focuses on the aspects of how the T & D activities are influencing the satisfaction level and rankings of the employees in terms of aspects of T & D activities. The study comprises the samples who are employees of certain automobile companies. The results revealed that there is a significant difference between the employees who are provided with the Training in the aspects of motivation, morale, learning attitudes and satisfaction levels in the organization.

Event tourism has now been recognized as one important form of tourism. It is especially effective in creating a time bound drive in increasing the number of tourists and visitors. Fairs and festivals are a part of such event tourism. In India, religious fairs attract thousands of people and play an important role in the economy. The Patharchapuri fair is such a religious fair, held to honor a Muslim Saint, popularly known as Daata Baba. This huge fair provides livelihood to hundreds of people who come here during the fair to ply their trade. This paper seeks to create a profile of these people and highlight the economic importance of the fair. It also attempts to suggest ways to better exploit this economic opportunity.

Vishwa ke kisi bhi desh ki samajik aarthik, rajnaitik aur sanskrutik chetana ke aadan-radan ke karan paryatan, sampurna rashtra ko yevam vishwa ko ek sutra me bandhane ka kam karata hai.

Dengue virus belongs to family Flaviviridae, having four serotypes that spread by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. It causes a wide spectrum of illness from mild asymptomatic illness to severe fatal dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). Approximately 2.5 billion people live in dengue-risk regions with about 100 million new cases each year worldwide. The cumulative dengue diseases burden has attained an unprecedented proportion in recent times with sharp increase in the size of human population at risk. Dengue disease presents highly complex pathophysiological, economic and ecologic problems. In India, the first epidemic of clinical dengue-like illness was recorded in Madras (now Chennai) in 1780 and the first virologically proved epidemic of dengue fever (DF) occurred in Calcutta (now Kolkata) and Eastern Coast of India in 1963-1964. During the last 50 years a large number of physicians have treated and described dengue disease in India, but the scientific studies addressing various problems of dengue disease have been carried out at limited number of centres. Achievements of Indian scientists are considerable; however, a lot remain to be achieved for creating an impact. This paper briefly reviews of prevalence of dengue cases in different districts in Maharashtra in year 2014.

The objective of present study was to explore the procrastination among male and female secondary school teachers. The findings of the study revealed that 29.33% female teachers have low, 49.33% average and 21.33% female secondary school teachers have high level of procrastination. Similarly 23.33% male secondary school teachers have low, 49.33% average and 27.33% secondary school teachers have high level of procrastination. Findings of the study revealed that no significance difference have been found between the scores of procrastination of male and female secondary school teachers

The higher educational institutions uses the information systems for all their academic purposes. e-Governance is used in all the aspects of the higher education sector. Decision making is the key challenge in the current scenario. These institutions have tera bytes of data and using this data for key decision making is the critical issue. If these institutions uses the available data for better planning for their courses, this would be of much useful to the students.This research proposes of use of data mining algorithms and software agents for improving the e-Governance in higher educational institutions.

The present study analyzed associations of general self-efficacy and mental health of visually impaired and sighted students in which 40 students with visual impairment and 40 students without visual impairment of Haryana and Chandigarh blind and public schools . There was positive relationship between total self –efficacy and mental health of visually impaired and sighted students. The findings show that there is positive relationship between self-efficacy and mental health. It means efforts to improve self efficacy will also contribute to the improvement in mental health of students.

Maharashtra is one of the States of India which came in to existence on May 1st 1960 so,the day is celebrated every year as a birth anniversary. Sanyukta Maharashtra was a dream for every Maharashtrian and to fulfill this dream many had to accept imprisonment and 105 people sacrificed there life.1 The present Maharashtra is the outcome of the creative and genius work of Senapati Bapat,S.M.Joshi,Acharya Atre,Comd.S.A.dange,Bhai Uddhavrao Patil. Even Pandit Nehru opposed the movement of Sanyukta Maharashtra Movement but the agitations made by Marathi people unitedly with all their power & forgetting their political views and this chemistry resulted in to success on May 1st 1960 awaking the self respect of Marathi people 2.

Desh ki ajadi ke bad se shiksha kendra ke sath-sath rajyo ki suchi ka vishay raha hai.

Education is the main factor of human development and as a result desirable changes are visible in human beings such as wisdom, knowledge, thinking and insight. It has the power to make an illiterate to literate and unknown to famous. Objectives of education are not related to acquiring wealth or to reach in a higher position but the true objectives of education is to make a human being to good human being. Education is continuous process which starts with the born of the child and end with death of a man. However there are different stages of education such as primary, secondary, senior secondary and higher stage with a mission to make the child civilized citizen. It is possible only when a child passes through primary to higher level.

Autonomy’ refers to the condition or situation of being free from any external control and the power to take decisions for one’s own interests. Out of the several kinds of autonomy and the variation of its meaning and interpretation evident in the related literature, discussed indetail ,the focus of the paper is on teacher autonomy that refers to the ability of the teachers to take decisions pertaining to teaching and learning. Teacher autonomy is the professional autonomy of teachers that endows them to decide and plan the curriculum i.ethe course, syllabus, methods, books and study material, evaluation procedures etc for their students and do what they think is the best for them without any external or administrative interference. It necessitates trust on the capabilities of teachers in understanding the real problems of students since it is only them who have consistent and close interaction with the students and have specialised training into teaching , which many policymakers and administrators often lack and unfortunately seem disconnected with the ground reality. Teacher autonomy also refers to the freedom of teachers in conducting research to solve immediate problems of classrooms(action research) and publish the results and also feel free to share their experiences to all stakeholders. Autonomy has been also often been linked to creativity by many educationists who say that teaching is an art and what is art without having to innovate and act freely without constraints of any kind? Many researches, as have been discussed in the paper reveal how teacher autonomy is linked with having happier, stress-free and motivated teachers and less number of teacher burnout and drop-outs. Some longitudinal studies discussedin the paper have also reported that teacher autonomy is linked with student achievement and as seen over the years, more autonomous teachers have produced more number of students with higher achievement. Some findings also imply that the countries with less autonomy of teachers have lower levels of student achievement and vice-versa. The discussion of the importance of teacher autonomy with respect to the Indian education system in the paper takes us back to the Vedic system of Gurukuls where the teacher was not only a very respected and trusted upon individual, he was also the utmost and an autonomous authority with no external interference even from the rulers of those times. The paper discusses the barriers to teacher autonomy leading to a rigid , controlled and structured patterns of curriculum planning at all levels and lists theplausible reasons

Bharatiya arthvyavasthecha pravas ha paisapradhan arthvyavasthekadun cashless arthvyavasthekade vagane suru jala aahe.

samruddha evam saukat rashtra ka nirman sadaiv usame nivas karane vale nagariko par nirbhar karata hai.

“To find out what one is fitted to do, and to secure an opportunity to do that, is the key to happiness” - John Dewey ‗Man‘s most ancient preoccupation – work, has today yielded the inspiration of career and it is the most important aspect of the overall development of the human individual. From flint to microchip the idea of career gets various different transformations over the ages‘ (Arulmani 2009). Further, the impact of globalization has quickened the pace for expansion and transformation all over the world and this has thrown up multiple career options for living. Career is ‗a field for or pursuit of consecutive progressive achievement especially in public, professional, or business life‘ as defined in Merriam Webster Dictionary (2015). Career aspiration is epistemologically dealt with individual‘s actual objective to be what he or she wants in life, pertaining to what type of vocation or profession they want to pursue. Aspiration is defined as ―A students‘ ability to identify and set goals for the future, while being inspired in the present to work toward those goals‖ (Quaglia & Cobb, 1996). In social-personal dimension it is a mechanism whereby society utilizes the services of its members to contribute to its wellbeing, progress and development. It is not only means of individual‘s livelihood but also the identity of self. Since, Indian society is highly complex and hierarchical, it results various connotations of career and career related trajectories for the individuals. ‗In India as caste system is the resultant of Varna systems which has began to fade, class and prestigebased approach to career gets subtle but strong influence on work behaviour‘ (Arulmani 2009); then career finds its being at the confluence of the two great streams of influences on individual development—his biology and his socialization. Career is an individual‘s life goal; although a work done under any career is neutral in nature whereas aspiration can be of manifested and expressed.

Corruption is a major difficulty that every country of the world is facing. India being the largest democracy in the world and sub-continent in Asia, is a great nation with multi-dimensional complexities intertwined with multi-religious, multi-lingual, multi-cultural masses. The idea of welfare state was given added significance by the framers of the fundamental law of the land. Today millions of the people in India continue to live in an incalculable suffering stalked in extreme poverty, vast gulf of differences and disparities amongst the rich and poor, which lead to a large number of men, women and children leading a life of destitution, misery and pity. Corruption is considered to be the greatest obstacle in the way towards progress for developing country like India. This article deals with the evolution of the corruption in India.

In India, the examination system in school has remained unchanged for so many years. It is stressful and puts burden on the students. The ability of the students is judged on the basis ofone annual examination. In this system, performance of the students in one single examination is the sole criterion for success and not success. Scoring more and more marks in exams has become the only aim of students. If this system is better then those who scores high in these exams must be more successful in their life and rest are unsuccessful, but unfortunately it is not true. So there is an urgent need to reforms our current examination oriented school education system and make the examination system that focus on problem-solving, critical thinking and reasoning skills. Such reforms will change the teaching-learning processes and improve learning outcomes. In recent years, Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation has been strengthened so that students are assessed on an ongoing basis for their holistic development, a system of grading in place of marks has been introduced the eliminations of excessive element of chance and subjectivity, de-emphasis on memorization. The objectives are to look at the existing systems and suggest reforms which would help better assessment of students so that they perform well on practical front, marks of any examination won’t work there only knowledge will work there.The present study set out to explore the various reforms in the existing examination system as inputs to the New Policy of Education 2016. The Paper explores and suggests various recommendations to bring much needed reforms in the examination systems.

Rashtiya Madhamik Siksha Abhiyan (RMSA) is a centrally sponsored scheme for universalisation of secondary education. RMSA is one of the most recent steps taken by government of India for development of secondary level of education. The main purpose of RMSA is that to give secondary education to all students up to class X. The main objective of this scheme is that to enhance access and to improve quality of secondary education. Education is such an opportunity for empowering people with skill and knowledge to develop overall quality of life. Education is human right itself. Education helps a child to develop his power of mind in a holistic manner. Keeping in view the importance of education the government of India has taken several initiatives such as lunched various policies, schemes namely Sarva Siksha Abhiyan for universalisation of primary education and Rashtiya Madhamik Siksha Abhiyan for universalisation of secondary education etc for the growth and progress of economy the country.

A survey on container breeding sites of mosquito larvae was conducted in the Solapur city. Survey was carried out during rainy season in June 2015 to December 2015.Sampling was carried out by dipping using pipette or dipper depending on container types. All breeding sources of mosquito larvae were examined different container types: indoor and outdoor i.e. plastic container, earthen pot, natural container, tiers, coconut shell, vase, can and concrete tank. Containers w e r e identified as potential breeding sites. Survey was carried out in outdoors and indoors were found containing larvae. Among all types of containers of total surveyed containers were positive with mosquito larvae, followed by plastic containers, concrete tanks, vases, bottles, cans and earthen pots. A total of 1893 mosquito larvae were collected of which morphological identification of the larvae by use of microscopy yielded, we identified four species those of Aedesaegypti n = 1514 (79.98%), Aedesalbopictus n = 9(1%), Culexquinquefasciatus n = 265(14%), Culexvishnui n = 95(5.02%). This study indicated that Aedes and Culex was capable of breeding in a wide range of container types. To control these mosquitoes, the elimination of artificial and natural containers or alteration of breeding sites in city should be taken into consideration.

ICT in Education is the foundation upon which a country develops. It is a dynamic force in the life of every individual influencing his physical, mental, emotional, social and ethical developments. It is a complete development of the individuality of a child enabling him to make original contribution to human life. The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in teaching and learning provides more opportunities for teachers and students to work better in an information age. However, some barriers may discourage teachers to integrate ICT in the classroom and prevent them to introduce supporting materials through ICT usage. This study aims to investigate the main barriers for integrating Information and Communication Technology (ICT) by school teachers. Data was obtained from 150 (97 female, 53 male) High school teachers in Patna district. The findings indicated that although teachers had a strong desire to use ICT in the classroom, they were encountered with some barriers. Insufficient technical supports at schools and little access to Internet and ICT were considered as the major barriers preventing teachers to integrate ICT into the curriculum. Present study revealed that ICT resources including software and hardware, effective professional development, sufficient time, and technical support need to be provided to teachers. No one component in itself is sufficient to provide good teaching. However, the presence of all components increases the possibility of excellent integration of ICT in learning and teaching opportunities. Studying the obstacles to use of ICT in education may assist educators to overcome these barriers and become successful technology adopters in the future.

This paper reviews fuzzy logic as a modern technology for Washing Machine. The greatest success of fuzzy logic has been in the area of control system. Among all the products equipped with fuzzy controllers washing machines were the earliest. Fuzzy Controllers has made functions of washing machines more economical, energy saving and less time consuming.

Bharatiy sanskruti ka abhinna anga janjatiya samuday atyant prachin samay se hi paye jate hai.

Samaveshanachya yugat divang shikshanakarita samanya aani vishesh shikshak he donhi mahatvachya bhumika nibhavatat.

Science is highly creative and dynamic in nature. Science provides opportunity for an individual to develop inquiry skills, critical thinking, creativity, problem solving, decision making skills etc. Science teaching in schools play a major role in developing knowledge and process skills. Teaching of science should stress more on the processes than the product. Observation is one of the process skill which is very essential to develop among the students at upper primary level. But due to lecture method of science teaching, students are very poor in observation skill. They unable to notice fine details of experiments and specimens etc. Teachers of science often follows traditional method of teaching which hinder students sharpening of skill development. In this perspectives, a study has been conducted to know the status of students’ observation skill in one of the school in Tamilnadu.

Crystalline cadmium telluride thin films has been deposited using appropriate precursor solution containing cadmium sulphate, triethanolamine, sodium hydroxide, Ammonia and Sodium telluro sulphate in aqueous alkaline medium at 62 ±20C. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), optical absorption spectra and electrical measurements. The colour of formed film was found to be light gray. The crystalline phase of the deposited sample was cubic type. Optical absorption spectra showed the presence of direct transition with band gap energy 1.78 eV. The electrical resistivity of CdTe thin film was found to the order of 10-6 (Ώ.cm)-1. Thermoelectric power (TEP) measurement showed n-type electrical conduction.

The growth in the sector of Information Technology paved the way for electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce. It is a type of industry where the buying and selling of goods or services is conducted over electronic systems such as the internet and other computer networks. It has been noticed over the past few years, that the business houses have gained a lot by marketing the products through e-commerce. E-commerce facilitates click and mortar to brick and mortar. Instead of visiting the shops, rehriwalas and mandis, goods reach the door step just on one click. The online shopping is very beneficial to all those who are not capable to visit the market due to one or the other reason but at the same time it has been noticed that sometimes on-line shopping appeals the visitors to the site to place order for the items not necessarily required and results in unnecessary spending. In this paper titled, ”On line shopping: Boon or Bane for the society” an effort has been made with the help of primary data and secondary data find out whether online shopping to be considered as a boon or bane in the society.

Rural Banking in India refers to a set up of financial institutions to provide agricultural and rural credit in rural areas for their economic development. The success of rural credit in India is largely depends on their financial strength. The main objective behind setting up of RRBs was to attain the rural development through the betterment of weaker section of the society. At present, most of the regional rural banks are facing the problems of overdue, recovery nonperforming assets and other problems. Therefore, it is necessary to study financial performance of RRBs in India. This paper attempts to analyze the financial performance of RRBs in India during the period 2010-11 to 2015-16. The study is based on secondary data collected form annual reports of NABARD and RBI. Indicators Analysis such as number of banks and branches, deposits, loans, investments and growth rate index is followed in the present study.. In this paper an attempt is made to evaluate the performance of Regional Rural Banks in India through various parameters such as branch expansion, district coverage, deposit mobilization and advances etc.

Financial inclusion is new paradigm of economic growth which plays a major role in driving away the poverty. Lack of access to financial services in most of rural areas due to high informative barriers and low awareness, poor functioning and financial history of financial institutions, near absence of insurance and pension service create the need and scope of financial inclusion. Financial inclusion is new paradigm of economic growth. Promotion of financial inclusion has been an important social and financial need across countries. Lack of access to finance for vulnerable and weaker sections of the society has been recognized as a serious threat to economic progress especially in developing countries. The aim of financial inclusion is delivery of banking and financial services in a fair, translucent and impartial manner at reasonable cost to the vast sections of disadvantaged and low income group. The Government of India (GOI) and the Reserve bank of India (RBI) have been making concerted efforts to promote financial inclusion. This paper focuses on the progress of financial inclusion in India, initiatives taken by RBI and government of India and its challenges.

Regional rural Banks play a vital role in the agriculture and rural development of India. The RRBs were setup in 1975 as the 'low cost banks' to supplement the efforts of cooperative and commercial banks. RRBs came into existence with an objective to ensure sufficient institutional credit for agriculture and other rural sectors.. RRBs are key financing institution at the rural level which shoulders responsibility of meeting credit needs of different types of agriculture credit in rural areas. At present, most of the regional rural banks are facing the problems of overdue, recovery, nonperforming assets and other problems. RRBs are usually sponsored by public sector banks thus they keep their deposit with these bank & are also dependent for their loan operations & finance on sponsor bank and NABARD. The objective of my paper is to study the role and working of RRBs in rural development of India. The paper also attempts to study the role of RBI, Nabard and Central Government in successful working of RRBs for rural development in India. The financial sector reforms that were introduced aimed at transforming the financial institutions including RRBs into organizationally strong, financially viable and operationally efficient units.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, a flagship programme of Government of India for the promotion of Universalisation of Elementary Education has several features that seek to improve the quality of elementary education. The physical spaces of schools can be transformed into learning spaces only if certain basic provisioning is ensured. This provisioning includes an adequate number of teachers in schools, facilities for training of teachers, structures to provide regular on site academic support, grants to facilitate development of teaching learning material to aid classroom instruction, textbooks for children from special focus groups etc.

Reading is a complex “cognitive process” of decoding symbols in order to construct or drive meaning. Reading is a means of language acquisition, communication and of sharing information and ideas.