India–Pakistan relations are among the most complex and critical issues affecting political stability in South Asia. Since the Partition of 1947, the two countries have been marked by mutual distrust, religious and political differences, and repeated border disputes. The accession of Jammu and Kashmir and the wars that followed have had long-lasting effects on their bilateral relations. The Kashmir issue continues to be the most sensitive topic in both countries’ foreign policies, and terrorism remains a constant security threat for India. Major incidents such as the Parliament attack, 26/11 Mumbai attacks, Uri, and Pathankot have further strained relations. Over the years, agreements like the Tashkent Agreement, Shimla Agreement, and Lahore Declaration have attempted to promote peace, while initiatives like bus diplomacy, cricket diplomacy, and cultural exchanges have helped foster goodwill among ordinary citizens. Yet, political instability and military involvement have prevented these efforts from achieving long-term success.

India is an important and influential country in South Asia. It shares borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. India's relations with these countries are very important from a historical, cultural, economic and political perspective. India’s relations with Pakistan have always been turbulent. Although tensions have arisen due to the Kashmir issue and terrorism, India has focused on resolving differences through peaceful dialogue. Relations with China have also been complicated by border disputes. However, both countries maintain dialogue through trade and international cooperation. Nepal is a country close to India culturally and religiously. The two countries have close relations based on open borders, trade, and employment and people-to-people ties. Bhutan is a trusted neighbour of India and India has friendly relations with Bhutan in the areas of development, energy projects and security. India’s relations with Bangladesh have strengthened in the last few years. The two countries work together in the areas of border agreements, trade, water management, cultural exchanges. India is increasing cooperation with Myanmar in the areas of security, India’s maritime security, trade, cultural relations and development projects with Sri Lanka have maintained friendly relations. Overall, India pursues a policy based on peace, mutual development and cooperation with its neighbours. India is constantly striving for stability in the border areas, increased trade and regional peace. It is expected that India’s relations with its neighbours will further strengthen in the future, considering the shared history, culture and mutual interests.

The relationship between India and the United States has evolved from the "estranged democracies" of the Cold War into one of the most consequential strategic partnerships of the 21st century. As of late 2025, this partnership is defined by a deepening convergence on Indo-Pacific security, an ambitious technology sharing agenda under the iCET (Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology), and robust defense ties. However, the relationship faces significant headwinds, including trade protectionism, immigration policy shifts (H-1B visa fees), and diplomatic friction regarding extraterritorial activities and human rights. This paper analyzes the current trajectory of India-US ties across three primary pillars: Trade, Defence, and Technology, while evaluating the impact of the "Russia factor" and recent diplomatic spats.

The India-United States relationship, once characterized by Cold War estrangement and mutual suspicion, has undergone a profound transformation in the 21st century. Evolving from a "hesitant dialogue" to a "comprehensive global strategic partnership," the bilateral relationship is now one of the most consequential in international politics [1]. This research paper argues that the convergence of strategic interests, primarily driven by the rise of China, has acted as a catalyst, forging deep and multifaceted cooperation across three critical pillars: trade and economics, defence and security, and technology. However, this partnership is not without its challenges, including lingering protectionist tendencies, bureaucratic and regulatory hurdles, and differing perspectives on global governance. By examining the evolution, current state, and future prospects of cooperation in these three domains, this paper concludes that while the strategic alignment is robust, its long-term success hinges on effectively managing differences and translating high-level diplomacy into tangible, ground-level outcomes.

Research Background: According to, Biggs & Tang, (2011), educational streams provide structured curricula focusing on particular domains, such as sciences, arts, commerce, or vocational education, allowing students to acquire knowledge, skills, and competencies relevant to their chosen field. That way in this study, investigator, to find out the impact of educational streams on level of environmental awareness of the college students. Objectives: The study objective was to find out the significant difference in environmental awareness among the college students of different educational streams. Another objective was to examine the significant difference in environmental awareness among the college students of arts, science, and commerce streams. Procedure: The study one hundred twenty college students were selected from different educational streams. Their age range were between 19 to 23 years. The purposive sampling technique was used for the selection of the samples. The study educational streams was independent variable and environmental awareness was dependent variable. The study Environmental Awareness Scale (EAS) developed by Haseen Taj (2001) has been used. Conclusions: It can be concluded that there is no significant difference found in the level of environmental awareness among the college students of different educational streams as well as, insignificant difference found in environmental awareness among the college students of arts, science, and commerce streams.

This paper examines the evolution of relations with Russia from their origins in traditional diplomatic friendship to the multifaceted dynamics of contemporary strategic cooperation. It traces historical foundations, post–Cold War realignments, and the emergence of new defence, economic, and technological linkages. Drawing on academic literature, strategic commentary, and policy debates, the study analyzes how geopolitical pressures, elite foreign‑policy thinking, and shifting international structures shape the trajectory of bilateral engagement. The paper argues that while the relationship retains symbolic features rooted in historical solidarity, it increasingly reflects pragmatic alignments driven by security imperatives, energy interdependence, and the search

India’s foreign policy has undergone a marked transformation after 2014, coinciding with the rise of a new political leadership under Prime Minister Narendra Modi. While elements of continuity with earlier doctrines remain—particularly the emphasis on strategic autonomy—the post-2014 era has introduced a more confident, outward-looking, and multi-aligned diplomatic posture. India now places greater emphasis on economic diplomacy, defense partnerships, diaspora outreach, technological cooperation, and leadership in global governance. This research paper examines how and why India’s foreign policy has changed since 2014, comparing the new approach with earlier patterns, and explaining the strategic implications of these shifts.

Research Background: Quality of sleep refers to how effectively an individual’s sleep restores physical energy, emotional balance, and cognitive functioning. Level of happiness refers to an individual’s overall subjective experience of well-being, positive emotions, and life satisfaction. Sleep quality and happiness are closely interconnected, as the restorative aspects of sleep significantly influence emotional well-being and life satisfaction. That way in this study, investigator, to find out the impact of sleep quality on adults level of happiness. Objectives: The study objective was to find out the effect of sleep quality on happiness among the adults. Another objective was to examine the significant difference in happiness among the adults of excellent, moderate and poor sleep quality. Procedure: The study one hundred twenty adult individuals were selected from different location. The purposive sampling technique was used for the selection of the samples. The selected samples age range were between 30 to 40 years. The study sleep quality was independent variable and happiness was dependent variable. The study Happiness Scale developed by Himanshi Rastogi and Janki Moorjani has been used. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the adults of excellent sleep quality, and moderate sleep quality has found higher level happiness than adults of poor sleep quality as well as there is no significant difference in happiness between adults of excellent and moderate sleep quality.